Historical Timeline

Calendar Months

   In some places multiple entries occur for a particular year, but not necessarily in chronological order [by month].

19th Century A.D.

1800 - Map of Europe - "Map of Europe, 1800 A.D."

1800 - Late-Modern English Period -  "The time period for Late-Modern English generally ranges from 1800 to the Present."

1800 - Jacquard Loom - "Frenchmen, J.M. Jacquard invents the Jacquard Loom."

1800 - Infrared Waves - "Infrared waves discovered by William Herschel." [Based on: Ultimate Visual Dictionary of Science, Timeline of Discoveries, p. 15, Barnes & Noble Books - 2005]

1801 - U.S. President Thomas Jefferson - March 4th, 1801: "The 3rd American President, Thomas Jefferson [Republican], begins his term."

1801 - Russian Czar Alexander I - "On March 11th, 1801, Czar Paul was strangled for refusing to sign a document of abdication. He was succeeded by his son who became Czar Alexander I [1801-1825]. Alexander quickly returned Russia to its place before his father was Czar. He was the first Czar to understand that his power rested solely on his support in the military. Alex I introduced modest changes during his reign. The most impressive was his appointment of cabinet offices. At first there were eight: war, navy, foreign affairs, justice, interior, finance, commerce, and education. Alex I appointed one man to head each of these cabinets, answerable to him. He also enacted a new school system and built more universities. The basic form of Russian government and later Soviet government were designed by Alex I. Alex did much for domestic Russia, but he ignored the world around him."

1802 - Status / Native American Peoples - "Congress appropriates funds to civilize and educate Indian people."

1802 - Prohibition / Native American Peoples - "Federal law prohibits the sale of liquor to Indian people."

1802 - U.S. Separation of Church and State - "Thomas Jefferson wrote a letter to the Danbury Baptist Association in 1802 to answer a letter from them, asking why he would not proclaim national days of fasting and thanksiving, as had been done by Washington and Adams before him. The letter contains the phrase 'wall of separation between church and state,' which lead to the short-hand for the Establishment Clause that we use today: 'Separation of church and state.' " [Link: 1]

1803 - Ohio - March 1st, 1803: "The 17th American state."

1803 - Louisiana Purchase - "April 30th, 1803: "Robert Livingston and James Monroe conclude a treaty in Paris in which the United States purchases the 827,000-square-mile Louisiana territory from France for $15 million. The  Louisiana Purchase extended America from the Mississippi to the crest of the Rockies and prepared it for further expansion to the Pacific." [Link: 1]

1803 - War / Britian & France - May 18th, 1803: "Great Britain declares war on France."

1803 - Union / Britain & Ireland -  "Act of Union unites Britain and Ireland."

1803 - Atomic Theory of Matter - "Atomic theory of matter proposed by John Dalton." [Based on: Ultimate Visual Dictionary of Science, Timeline of Discoveries, p. 15, Barnes & Noble Books - 2005]

1803 - Birth / Ralph Waldo Emerson - May 25th, 1803: "American essayist and philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson is born."

1803 - Announcement / Louisana Purchase - July 4th, 1803: "The United States' purchase of the 820,000-square mile Louisiana territory from France for $15 million is announced."

1803 - Passed / 12th U.S. Amendment - December 9th, 1803: "12th U.S. Constitutional Amendment ['Choosing the President, Vice President'] passed." [Link: 1]

1803 - Finalized / Louisiana Purchase - December 20th, 1803: "Louisiana Purchase finalized, 1803." [Based on: The Old Farmer's Almanac (2006) by Robert B. Thomas, p. 99]

1803 - Transfer / Louisiana Territory - December 30th, 1803: "Louisiana is officially transferred to the United States from France. The United States takes formal possession December 30th at a ceremony in New Orleans."

*Trivia: "The Louisiana Territory Act [1804] affirms the intent of the United States to move eastern Indians west of the Mississippi."

1804 - Independence / Haiti  - January 1st, 1804: "Haiti gains its independence from France, becoming the world's first black republic."

1804 - Status / Russian Jews - "In Russia, Jews were constantly persecuted and were only allowed to live in Poland, Lithuania, Belarus, Latvia and the Ukraine."

1804 - Emancipation / New Jersey - February 15th, 1804: "New Jersey abolishes slavery, the last northern state to do so."

1804 - Lewis & Clark Expedition - May 14th, 1804: "Lewis & Clark begin to explore the American Northwest." [Link: 1]

1804 - Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte - May 18th, 1804: "Napoleon Bonaparte is declared emperor by the French Senate."

1804 - Ratification / 12th U.S. Amendment - June 15th, 1804: "12th U.S. Constitutional Amendment ['Choosing the President, Vice President'] ratified." [Link: 1]

1804 - Birth / Nathaniel Hawthorne - July 4th, 1804: "American author Nathaniel Hawthorne is born."

1804 - Duel / Aaron Burr & Alexander Hamilton - July 11th, 1804: "Vice President Aaron Burr shoots Alexander Hamilton in a pistol duel at Weehawken, N.J. Hamilton dies the next day."

1804 - Emperor of France / Napoleon Bonaparte - December 2nd, 1804: "The Pope crowns Napoleon emperor of France."

1804 - War / Spain & England - December 12th, 1804: "Spain declares war on England."

1805 - Organized / Michigan Territory - January 11th, 1805: "The Michigan Territory is organized."

1805 - Total Lunar Eclipse - "January 15th"

1805 - Birth / Hans Christian Andersen - April 2nd, 1805: "Danish author Hans Christian Andersen is born."

1805 - Premier / Beethoven's 3rd Symphony - April 7th, 1805: "Beethoven's 3rd Symphony ['Eroica'] premieres."

1805 - Status / Virginia Slaves - May 1st, 1805: "Virginia passes a law requiring all freed slaves to leave the state."

1805 - Anti-French Alliance - August 9th, 1805: "Austria joins Britain, Russia, and Sweden in an alliance against France."

1805 - Birth / Joseph Smith - December 23rd, 1805: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Mormon founder, Joseph Smith."

1806 - Native American Delegation / Washington - January 4th, 1806: "In Washington, Jefferson welcomes a delegation of Missouri, Oto, Arikara, and Yankton Sioux chiefs who had met Lewis and Clark more than a year earlier."

1806 - Fatality / Holy Roman Empire - August 6th, 1806: "The Holy Roman Empire ceases to exist as Emperor Francis I abdicates."

1807 - Slavery Abolished / Britain - March 25th, 1807: "[....] Britain abolished slavery on March 25, 1807." [....]" [Based on: News Services article (Church of England apologizes [2006-2007] over slavery), p. A10, S.L.P.D., 02/09/06] - [Brackets text added for clarity - E.M.]

1809 - U.S. President James Madison - March 4th, 1809: "The 4th American President, James Madison [Republican], begins his term."

1810 - Poverty Level Wages - "According to the Swedish historian Herman Lindqvist, the Freemasons decided in the 1810s that wages should be fixed at the poverty level. Such an attitude shows an enormous contempt for ordinary people. Between the years 1860 and 1910 almost a million Swedes left for America in connection with several years of famine, poverty and difficulties in providing for themselves." [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, September/October 2004, p. 13]

1810 - English Country Banking - "By 1810 the total number of licensed and unlicensed banks is probably over 800. In most cases their founders have strong ties with particular industries or trades and the banks meet the need of small workshops, mines etc. for working capital. Without these banks the Industrial Revolution would have been strangled in its infancy."

1810 - Anti-Title Amendment / United States - May 1st, 1810: "Unratified anti-title amendment."

1810 - Independence / Mexico - September 16th, 1810: "Mexican independence declared."

1810 - Tin Can - "Peter Durand invents the tin can."

1810 - Improved Printing Press - "German, Frederick Koenig invents an improved printing press."

1811 - Earthquake / U.S.A. - December 16th, 1811: "Earthquake location: New Madrid, Missouri. Earthquake magnitude: 8.1. Number of recorded fatalities: 0."  

1812 - Earthquake / U.S.A. - January 23rd, 1812: "Earthquake location: New Madrid, Missouri. Earthquake magnitude: 7.8. Number of recorded fatalities: 0."  

1812 - Earthquake / U.S.A. - February 7th, 1812: "Earthquake location: New Madrid, Missouri. Earthquake magnitude: 8. Number of recorded fatalities: 0."  

1812 - Louisiana - April 30th, 1812: "The 18th American state."

1812 - War of 1812 - June 18th, 1812: "Both Britain and France were interfering with American trade and were taking American ships. The United States believed that Britain was still not treating it as an independent country, and was actually providing Native Americans with guns to attack American settlers. The United States also wanted to take Canada from Britain, and Florida from Spain. These ongoing disputes led to the War of 1812."

1812 - Napoleonic Wars - "Napolean invades Russia. Because of the cold and snow, Napolean could not maintain his supply lines and was forced to retreat back to France in 1813. Napolean lost over a million men. Napolean, finally defeated, was forced to make peace with what would become known as the Quadruple Alliance: Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Britain."

1814 - Steam Locomotive - "George Stephenson designed the first steam locomotive."

1814 - End / War of 1812 - December 24th, 1814: "The War of 1812 ends [Treaty of Ghent]. The British agreed to recognize the United States country boundaries. In addition, the United States had established itself as a powerful military force."

1815 - Volcanic Eruption / Mt. Tambora, Sumbawa, Indonesia - "Volcanic eruption date(s): April 10th-12th, 1815. Number of recorded deaths: 92,000." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 491]

*Trivia: "Reportedly, ash from this eruption may have caused the colder temperatures and famine 1916-1917 that killed an estimated 71,000 people." [D.R.D.]

1815 - Battle of Waterloo - June 18th, 1815: "Battle of Waterloo ends the napoleonic Wars."

1815 - Holy Alliance - "A pact forming the Holly Alliance was signed in September 1815 by the Russian Czar Alexander, the Emperor Francis von Habsburg, and the king of Prussia."

1815 - Status / English National Debt - "In 1815 it [English National Debt] was 885 million pounds and in 1945 it had grown to 22.5 billion pounds. By 1995 the national debt had risen to more than 300 billion pounds, equal to 45 percent of GNP."
  "Not even the Macmillan Committee, which was appointed in 1929, managed to find out who governed the Bank of England. Only one name has leaked out—that of Rothschild. All great wars have been started and financed by the economic conglomerate emanating from one single banking family—the Rothschilds.
   "In the Netherlands, secret societies had been able to found a central bank as early as 1609. About 40 of the world's most important central banks were established in a similar way as that of the Bank of England. In that way the Masonic bankers ruled the long-term development in the world with loan interest as a method, the central banks as middlemen, the politicians as dummies and the people as ignorant wage slaves. The Freemason-controlled banks thus can govern political life by acting without being seen. The English people strengthened the power of these invisible Freemasons through paying taxes during three centuries. Central banks were supposed to keep the economy stable." [By Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, September/October 2004, p. 9]

1815 - Anti-Semitism / Germany - "In 1815, Jews lost their rights in Germany, leading to the rise of anti-Semitism that lasts to this day."

1816 - Configuration - "[1816-1821] Uranus conjunct Neptune [Sagittarius/Capricorn], squared by Pluto [Pisces/Aries]: end of Napoleonic Wars and a redesign of Europe, Industrial Revolution in England, global colonialism, start of the railways. Uranus-Neptune energies work surreptitiously. They influence awareness and the inner movies playing within the world psyche."

1816 - Indiana - December 11th, 1816: "The 19th American state."

1816 - Data Disclosure Trivia / U.S. Federal Civilian Employees - "Without explanation, the administration has witheld the names and work sites of about 900,000 of its civilian workers, says a lawsuit filed Tuesday [12/06/05]. [....] The federal government began publicly identifying its employees, their job category, salary and workplace in 1816. The first entry in the 1816 register was James Madison. He was identified as president of the United States in Washington at a salary of $25,000 - and born in Virginia. The last complete data set provided by the Office of Personnel Management covered 2003. Since then, all records of civilian employees of the Defense Department have been witheld, the suit says. [....]" [Based on: A.P. article (U.S. has stopped disclosing data on many federal workers), p. A2, S.L.P.D., 12/07/05]

1816 - Colder Temperatures & Famine - 1816: "Reportedly, ash from the eruption of Mt. Tambora [1815] may have caused the colder temperatures and famine 1916-1917 that killed an estimated 71,000 people." [D.R.D.]

1817 - U.S. President James Monroe - March 4th, 1817: "The 5th American President, James Monroe [Republican], begins his term."

1817 - 1st Sword-Swallower Performance / U.S.A. - November 25th, 1817: "First sword-swallower performance in U.S., 1817." [Based on: The Old Farmer's Almanac (2006) by Robert B. Thomas, p. 97]

1817 - Mississippi - December 10th, 1817: "The 20th American state."

1817 - Punishment / Seminole Indians - "Andrew Jackson invades [1817-1818] Florida to punish the Seminole Indians."

1817 - Colder Temperatures & Famine - 1817: "Reportedly, ash from the eruption of Mt. Tambora [1815] may have caused the colder temperatures and famine 1916-1917 that killed an estimated 71,000 people." [D.R.D

1818 - Birth / Seth Shiv Dayal Singh - "SHIV DAYAL SINGH JI, Soami (1818-1878)—Seth Shiv Dayal Singh Ji of Agra, popularly known as Soami Ji Maharaj who, in the modern age, revived the teachings of ancient Masters including those of the later times like Kabir and Nanak; with emphasis on the Surat Shabd Yoga or Yoga of the Sound Current providing way back to the Kingdom of God from where this creative life-principle descended." [Based on: http://www.ruhanisatsangusa.org/gloss.htm]

1818 - Illinois - December 3rd, 1818: "The 21st American state."

1819 - Indian Civilization Fund Act - "For Reform and teaching 'arts of civilization', funds designated for education reform and employment of [non-indian instructors 'for teaching their children reading, writing and aritimetic' with the provision that such education should be 'with their [Indian] consent.' " [Prucha Documents pg.33]."

1819 - Alabama - December 14th, 1819: "The 22nd American state."

1819 - Soda Fountain - "Samuel Fahnestock patents a 'soda fountain'. "

1819 - Electromagnetism - "Hans Christian Oersted discovers electromagnetism." [Based on: Ultimate Visual Dictionary of Science, Timeline of Discoveries, p. 15, Barnes & Noble Books - 2005]

1820 - Birth / Susan B. Anthony - February 15th, 1820: "Born on this date in history: Susan B. Anthony (Aquarius)."

1820 - Revolts / Italy - "In 1820 Czar Alexander and the Habsburg Emperor acted together as members of the Holy Alliance to prevent revolution in Italy. Although the Russian army stood in readiness it was the Austrians who actually crossed into Italy, put down the revolts in Naples and Piedmont and drove the Carbonari underground."

1820 - Maine - March 15th, 1820: "The 23rd American state."

1820s - Knowledge Of Dinosaurs  - "In fact, everything that we know today about dinosaurs and their environment has been learned since the 1820s." [Laurence Gardner, Genesis Of The Grail Kings, p. 4]

1821 - Indianapolis Indiana - January 6th, 1821: "Indianapolis designated as the name for the capital of Ind., 1821." [Based on: The Old Farmer's Almanac (2006) by Robert B. Thomas, p. 101]

1821 - Missouri - August 10th, 1821: "Soon after the Louisiana Purchase, Congress created the District of Louisiana, which included what is now Missouri and Arkansas. The people were governed by officials of the Indiana Territory. In 1805, however, Congress inaugurated procedures based upon successive stages [grades] of government in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, whereby the territory might eventually become a state. When this petition was drafted, Missourians were living under the third stage of a territorial government. They elected the members of both houses of a territorial assembly which made the laws, but all executive and judicial territorial officials were appointed by the President, as they had been since 1805. The people also elected a territorial delegate to the U. S. House of Representatives. The delegates could speak but had no vote. Starting in 1817, Missourians sent to Congress petition after petition, similar to this document, asking for statehood. Finally, on August 10, 1821, Missouri was admitted to the Union."

1821 - Birth / Clara Barton - December 25th, 1821: "Born this date in history: Clara Barton [Died: 04/12/1912]."

1821 - Electromagnetic Rotation - "Electromagnetic rotation, discovered by Michael Faraday." [Based on: Ultimate Visual Dictionary of Science, Timeline of Discoveries, p. 15, Barnes & Noble Books - 2005]

1822 - Pluto / Aries - April 17th, 1822: Pluto at 0 degrees Aries ...

*Link: http://www.astro.com/swisseph/ae/1800/ae_1822.pdf

1822 - Earthquake / Asia Minor - September 5th, 1822: "Earthquake location: Asia Minor, Aleppo. Earthquake magnitude: N/A. Number of recorded fatalities: 22,000."  [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 208]

1823 - Pluto / Aries - March 4th, 1823: Pluto at 0 degrees Aries; December 9th, R.; December 15th, D. ...

*Link: http://www.astro.com/swisseph/ae/1800/ae_1823.pdf

1823 - Earthquake / Hawaii - June 2nd, 1823: "Earthquake location: Kilauea, Hawaii. Earthquake magnitude: 7. Number of recorded fatalities: 0."  

1823 - Raincoat - "Mackintosh [raincoat] invents by Charles Mackintosh of Scotland."

1824 - Cement - "Englishmen, Joseph Aspdin patented Portland cement, the modern building material."

1824 - Balloon - "Professor Michael Faraday invents the first toy balloon."

1825 - Russian Czar Nicholas I - "Alex I died in 1825, and his son Nicholas I became Czar. Nicholas I had a remarkable foresight and soon realized that a major war was brewing in Europe. He felt that he must ally himself with the Ottoman Empire if he was to survive. It is interesting to note that the war he described in his writings was to occur almost 100 years later [World War I]. During Nicholas I reign, the first vestiges of industrialization began to seep their way into Russia. The first St. Petersburg to Moscow railroad opened in 1851."

1825 - U.S. President John Quincy Adams - March 6th, 1825: "The 6th American President, John Quincy Adams [Republican], begins his term."

*Trivia: "In 1824 John Quincy Adams became American president and attempted to revive the national transportation system, but political events conspired against his success. Missouri had applied for statehood in 1820 and soon made it clear that it, and the other southern states who practiced slavery, would not support the idea, or any other policy which might assist the free passage of commercial goods or human beings across the South. In the North the industrialists were also suspicious of anything which promised greater freedom for their workers and, in a strange alliance, they joined forces with the slave-owning Southerners to create the new Democratic Party. They supported their own Presidential candidate, Andrew Jackson, who was an advocate of slavery. In the election of 1824, Adams narrowly missed defeat, becomming President by only a slim majority."

1825 - Defined / Native American Indian Country - "Separate Indian Country west of the Mississippi is first defined."

1827 - Constitution Nullified / Cherokee Indians - "The Cherokees adopt a constitution patterned on that of the United States, but it is nullified by the Georgia legislature.

1827 - Independence / Greece - "Greek Independence declared."

1827 - Matches - "John Walker invents the modern matches."

1828 - Andrew Jackson - "Andrew Jackson was elected American president."

1828 - Earthquake / Echigo, Japan - December 28th, 1828: "Earthquake location: Echigo, Japan. Earthquake magnitude: N/A. Number of recorded fatalities: 30,000."  [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 208]

1829 - U.S. President Andrew Jackson - March 4th, 1829: "The 7th American President, Andrew Jackson Democrat], begins his term. Andrew Jackson was the 1st Democratic President of the United States."

1829 - Typewriter - "American, W.A. Burt invented a typewriter. William Austin Burt patented a typographer, a predecessor to the typewriter."

1830 - Indian Removal Act - "Andrew Jackson used this act to force the mass relocation of the Creek, Cherokee, Choctoaw, Seminole, and other Indian nations during the 1830s. The intent was to open up the territory east of the Mississippi for settlement by white Americans and their African slaves."

1830 - Physics Trivia - "Several basic concepts underlying modern physics emerged in the next quarter century, from 1830 to 1855. Michael Faraday introduced the notion that forces are conveyed by fields, an idea he used to greatly advance our understanding of electricity and magnetism. During the same period, the conservation of energy was proposed, as was the second law of thermodynamics." [Based on: Lee Smolin, The Trouble with Physics, p. ix (2nd paragraph - Introduction), copyright 2006]

1830 - Sewing Machine - "Frenchmen, B. Thimonnier invents a sewing machine."

1831 - U.S. Copyright Music - February 3rd, 1831: "U.S. copyright law began protecting music, 1831." [Based on: The Old Farmer's Almanac (2006) by Robert B. Thomas, p. 103]

1831 - Reaper - "American, Cyrus H. McCormick invents the first commercially successful reaper."

1831 - Electromagnetic Induction - "Electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday." [Based on: Ultimate Visual Dictionary of Science, Timeline of Discoveries, p. 15, Barnes & Noble Books - 2005]

*Trivia: "Tesla [Nilola Tesla] is preceded in greatness only by Michael Faraday who in 1831 rocked the scientific world with his discovery that magnetism can produce electricity, if it is accompanied by motion. Faraday discovered the principle, but not how to make it power the world; Tesla accomplished this singular feat." [Intro by Timothy Green Beckley, The Lost Journals of Nikola Tesla, p. 3]

1832 - Bureau of Indian Affairs - "Organized as part of the War Department, the Bureau of Indian Affairs was recognized by a law of Congress [Prucha Documents pg 62]."

1832 - Soft Hail? / Sydney, Australia - "It was initially hailed as Sydney's first snowfall in 172 years, but it turned out yesterday's severe weather [07/26/08] was only hail. [NP] Australian locals still managed to go sledding, throw some snowballs and make a snowman (or in this case, hailballs and hailman) today [07/27/08]. [NP] Australia's Bureau of Meteorology says what actually fell was 'soft hail' and that conditions were not quite cold enough to produce snow. [NP] The last time Sydney supposedly had a snowfall was 1836 although some scientists believe officials back then just mistook soft hail for snow. [NP] Whatever it was, residents in the Lindfield neighbourhood on Sydney's north shore enjoyed a bit of winter fun." [Based on: Article (Sydney hail mistaken for snow), Sunday, 27 July 2008 - See link:]

*Link: http://www.rte.ie/news/2008/0727/sydney.html] - [T.D. - 07/29/08 - C.S.T.]

1832 - Public Streetcar Service / N.Y.C. - November 26th, 1832: "Public streetcar service began in N.Y.C., 1832." [Based on: The Old Farmer's Almanac (2006) by Robert B. Thomas, p. 97]

1833 - Meteor Shower - November 13th, 1833: "Thousands of meteors fell per hour, 1833." [Based on: The Old Farmer's Almanac (2006) by Robert B. Thomas, p. 97]

1834 - U.S. Coinage Act - "US Coinage Act. This makes a slight reduction in the value of silver relative to gold in order to encourage more gold to be brought to the mint. However, it hastens the disappearance of much of the remaining silver in circulation." [Link: 1]

1834 - Native American Quarantine - "The Trade and Intercourse Act redefines the Indian Territory and the Permanent Indian Frontier and gives the army the right to quarantine Indians."

1834 - Corn Planter - "Henry Blair patented a corn planter, he is the second black person to receive a U.S. patent."

1834 - Photographic Film - "George Eastman patented paper-strip photographic film."

1835 - Cracked / Liberty Bell - July 8th, 1835: "The Liberty Bell cracked while tolling the death of Chief Justice John Marshall."

1835 - Perihelion / Halley's Comet - November 16th, 1835 A.D.: "1P/1835 P1, 1835 III (16 November 1835)"

[Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet] - [T.D. - 06/12/07] 

*Trivia: "American satirist and writer Mark Twain was born on November 30, 1835; exactly two weeks after the comet's perihelion. In his biography, he said, 'I came in with Halley's comet in 1835. It's coming again next year (1910), and I expect to go out with it. The Almighty has said no doubt, "Now here are these two unaccountable freaks; they came in together, they must go out together." ' Twain died on April 21, 1910, the day following the comet's subsequent perihelion.[10][11] The 1985 fantasy film The Adventures of Mark Twain is inspired by this."

[Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet] - [T.D. - 06/12/07]

1835 - Horseshoe Manufacturing Machine - November 23rd, 1835: "Horseshoe-manufacturing machine patented, 1835." [Based on: The Old Farmer's Almanac (2006) by Robert B. Thomas, p. 97]

1835 - Officially Organized / Texas Rangers - November 24th, 1835: "The Texas Rangers are officially organized."

1835 - Slave Uprisings / United States - "Alarm's of Slave uprising's are heard in Mississippi, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas."

1835 - Birth / Samuel Langhorne Clemens - November 30th, 1835: "Samuel Langhorne Clemens [Mark Twain] is born." [Link: 1]

1835 - Free From National Debt / United States - "Reportedly, 1835 is the only time in U.S. history that the country was free from national debt."

1835 - Wrench - "Solymon Merrick patented the wrench."

1836 - Specie Circular / U.S.A. - "President Jackson issues his Specie Circular. The circular lays down that future purchases of government land must be paid in gold or silver, or their strict equivalent, rather than in local notes or promises to pay. This has the effect of swelling the US government's coffers with specie." [Link: 1]

*Trivia: "The renewed central bank contract was again suspended in 1836 during Andrew Jackson's presidency (1829-1837), despite the fact that he was grand master of Tennessee. The central bank was abolished.
   "Even so European bankers and their American agents managed to exercise an extensive control of the American monetary system. Gustavus Myers admits in his book History of the Great American Fortunes (1910): 'Under the surface the Rothschilds had for a long period of time a direct influence by dictating the American financial laws. The legal records show that they were the ones in control of the old Bank of the United States.' " [Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, p. 10]

1836 - Battle of the Alamo - February 23rd, 1836: "The Battle of the Alamo begins."

1836 - Independence / Texas  - March 2nd, 1836: "American settler's declare Texas independence from Mexico."

1836 - Earthquake / U.S.A. - June 10th, 1836: "Earthquake location: San Francisco Bay, California. Earthquake magnitude: 6.5. Number of recorded fatalities: 0."  

1836 - Arkansas - June 15th, 1836: "The 25th American state."

1836 - Birth / Ramakrishna - 1836: "RAMAKRISHNA (1836-86)—The sage-priest of the goddess-Mother Kali at Dakshineswar, near Calcutta. By his constant devotion, he made the Divine Mother manifest to himself. Next, he plunged into the yoga of meditation in every way conceivable and realised the Absolute Brahma, the attributeless Allah and Christ the Master-yogi, establishing the synthetic value of all religions which is his greatest contribution to the spirit of his age, for he virtually laid the foundation for a living Harmony of Religions and a common Fellowship of Faiths." [Based on: http://www.ruhanisatsangusa.org/gloss.htm] 

1836 - German Savings Banks - "Number of German savings banks reaches 280. The rate of growth in their numbers increased after the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815." [Link: 1]

1836 - Child Labor Laws / United States - "First Child Labor Laws passed in Massachusets with a mininum working age of 15 years."

1836 - Propellor - "Francis Pettit Smith and John Ericcson co-invented the propellor."

1836 - Colt Revolver - "Samuel Colt patents first revolver."

1836 - Silver-Backed Mirrors / Germany - "First use of silver backing to produce mirror's, Germany."

1837 - Michigan - January 26th, 1837: "The 26th American state."

1837 - U.S. Paper Money - "US States acquire legal power to issue paper money. This reverses attempts to uphold the constitutional denial of the power of the states to emit bills." [Link: 1]

1837 - U.S. / Free Banking - "Free Banking movement triumphs in Massachusetts. The free banking movement claims that citizens have a right to set up banks rather than being dependent on a privilege granted by the state. The State of Massachusetts passes an act in accordance with these principles." [Link: 1]

1837 - U.S. Banking Crisis - "US banking crisis. The uncontrolled, chaotic expansion of banking in the US is slowed, then partly reversed by a financial crisis in which every bank is forced to suspend specie payment of notes. The crisis leads to a depression in the economy which lasts until 1843." [Link: 1]

1837 - U.S. President Martin Van Buren - March 4th, 1837: "The 8th American President, Martin Van Buren [Democrat], begins his term."

1837 - U.S. Depression - March, 1837: "The nations first deep depression begins when Wall Street stock prices plunge."

1837 - College for Women - November, 1837: "Mary Lyon opens the first collage for women [Mount Holyoke] established."

1837 - Kindergarden  / Germany - "First Kindergarten established in Blankenburg, Germany, by Friedrich Froebel."

1837 - Telegraph - "Samual Morse invented the telegraph."

1838 - Earthquake / U.S.A. - June 1838: "Earthquake location: San Francisco Peninsula, California. Earthquake magnitude: 6.8. Number of recorded fatalities: 0."  

1838 - 1st Afghan War Begins - "The 1st Afghan War begins."

1838 - Defeat / Seminole Indians - "Federal troops defeat Seminole Indians at the battle of Lake Okeechobee."

1838 - Queen Victoria / England - June 28th, 1837: "Victoria is crowned Queen of England at Westminster Abby."

1838 - Cherokee Indian Removal - "Federal troops forciably remove Cherokee Indians from Georgia and Tennessee."

1838 - Morse Code - "Samual Morse invents Morse Code."

1839 - 1st Opium War / China - "1st Opium War begins."

1839 - Slave Revolt / Amistad - August, 1839: "Slaves aboard the Spanish ship Amistad revolt and force the crew to head for Africa." [Link: 1]

1839 - Guru Jaimal Singh - "JAIMAL SINGH (1839—1903 A.D.)—A soldier-saint initiated into the sacred teachings of Surat Shabd Yoga by Soami Ji Maharai of Agra, who deputed Him to carry on His Mission in the Punjab so as to repay, in some measure, the debt the world owed to Guru Nanak who came from the Punjab and whose teachings had imbibed and influenced Soami Jo Maharaj. Baba Jaimal Singh Ji in his turn, left his spiritual mantle on Hazur Baba awan Singh Ji. " [Based on: http://www.ruhanisatsangusa.org/gloss.htm]

1839 - Baseball Rules Written - "Baseball's basic rules of play are written at Cooperstown, New York."

1839 - Vulcanization - "American, Charles Goodyear invents rubber vulcanization."

1839 - Hydrogen Fuel Cell - "Welshmen, Sir William Robert Grove conceives of the first hydrogen fuel cell."

1840 - David Livingston, Africa - "David Livingston begins missionary work to black Africians."

1840 - Published / Federist Papers - "The Federalist Papers are published."

1840 - Independent Treasury / U.S.A. - "U.S. establishes an independent Treasury. Its powers are more firmly established by a later act in 1846. Without a central bank the U.S. Treasury has to carry out its own banking operations, relying as far as possible on specie ['money in coin'] for government payments and receipts." [Link: 1]

1840 - English Sovereignty / New Zealand - "50 Maori chieftains sign treaty with Great Britain giving England sovereignty over New Zealand."

1840 - Westminster Palace / London England - "Construction begins on the New Palace of Westminster in London, and the Big Ben clock tower."

1840 - The American Churches, the Bulwark of American Slavery - "James Gillespie Birney publishes, The American Churches, the Bulwark of American Slavery."

1840 - Blueprint - "Englishmen, John Herschel invents the blueprint."

1840 - Dental Surgery / Maryland - "First college of dental Surgery established at Baltimore, Maryland."

1841 - U.S. President William Harrison - March 4th, 1841: "The 9th American President, William Harrison [Whig], begins his term."

1841 - Fatality / President William Harrison - April 4th, 1841: "President Harrison dies from pneumonia."

1841 - U.S. President John Tyler - April 4th, 1841: "The 10th American President, John Tyler [Whig], begins his term."

1841 - U.S. Second Bank Crash - "The Second Bank of the United States crashes. By this time it is simply a private bank and no longer a national institution. When it ran into difficulties during the 1837 crisis it was still the largest bank in the world, but it finally crashes in 1841." [Link: 1]

1841 - Potawatomi Indian Reservations - "The Potawatomi indians sell their lands to the government and move to reservations in Kansas."

1841 - Christmas Tree Trivia / England - "The custom of a Christmas tree is introduced to England by Albert, prince consort of Queen Victoria."

1841 - Biblical Researches In Palestine - "Edward Robinson publishes Biblical Researches In Palestine."

1841 - Stapler - "Samuel Slocum patents the stapler."

1842 - Doomsday Scare / England - March 17th, 1842: "Hundreds take to boats in England, sure that the world will end that day."

1842 - Solar Eclipse - July 28th, 1842: "Solar eclipse observed over U.S."

1842 - End / 1st Opium War, China - August 29th, 1842: "The 1st Opium War in China ends with the signing of the Treaty of Nanking."

1842 - British Hong Kong - August 29th, 1842: "Hong Kong ceded to Britain."

1842 - Ashburton Treaty - "Ashburton Treaty with England to prevent transportation of slaves from Africa."

1842 - End / 1st Afghan War - "The 1st Afghan War ends."

1842 - Grain Elevator - "Joseph Dart built the first grain elevator."

1842 - General Anesthesia - "First use of general anesthetic during an operation by Crawford Long."

1842 - Observation / Sirius  - "Reportedly, Sirius B was not conclusively observed until 1842, and not photographed until 1970."

1843 - Earthquake / U.S.A. - January 5th, 1843: "Earthquake location: Marked Tree, Arkansas. Earthquake magnitude: 6.3. Number of recorded fatalities: 0."  

1843 - Doomsday Scare / New England  - April 3rd, 1843: "In New England, thousands of Millerites again wait on hilltops for the end of the world."

1843 - Oregon Trail Survey - "John C. Fremont completes survey of the 2,000 mile long Oregon Trail. Large scale westward migration begins."

1843 - Physics Trivia / James Joule - "Relationship between heat, power, and work formulated by James Joule." [Based on: Ultimate Visual Dictionary of Science, Timeline of Discoveries, p. 15, Barnes & Noble Books - 2005]

1843 - Discovery / Cuneiform Inscriptions - "During excavations in 1843 and 1845 A.D. large collections of clay tablets  were found carrying cuneiform signs. The decipherment of the language was in essence completed in 1851 and the language was first called Assyrian. Nowadays Assyrian is considered a dialect of Akkadian. Akkadian is the medium of innumerable documents from daily life as well as a vast literature, including the Epic of Gilgamesh." [Link: 1]

1843 - A Christmas Carol - "Charles Dickens publishes A Christmas Carol in England, 6,000 copies sold out the first day."

1844 - Telegraph Line - May 24th, 1844: "First experimental telegraph line strung between Washington D.C. and Baltimore, Maryland."

1844 - Irish Potato Famine - August, 1844: "Irish Potatoe Famine begins and accelerates migration to America."

1844 - U.S. Naval Academy - October 10th, 1844: "The U.S. Naval Academy is founded at Annapolis, Maryland."

1844 - Police Department / New York - "First full-time police department in the U.S. formed in New York City."

1844 - Expulsion From France / Carl Marx - "Karl Marx is kicked out of Paris, France for revolutionary activities."

1845 - Florida - March 3rd, 1845: "The 27th American state."

1845 - U.S. President James Polk - March 4th, 1845: "The 11th American President, James Polk [Democrat], begins his term."

1845 - Texas - December 29th, 1845: "The 28th American state."

1846 - Mexican Army / Texas - April 30th, 1846: "The Mexican Army crossed the Rio Grande river and laid seige to Fort Texas."

1846 - War / Mexico & America - May 13th, 1846: "The United States declares war on Mexico."

1846 - Iowa - December 28th, 1846: "The 29th American state."

1846 - Smithsonian Institution - "Smithsonian Institution founded by act of Congress."

1846 - Anaesthesia Trivia - "Dr. William Morton, a Massachusetts dentist, is the first to use anaesthesia for tooth extraction."

1846 - Laws of Thermodynamics - "Laws of thermodynamics developed by William Kelvin." [Based on: Ultimate Visual Dictionary of Science, Timeline of Discoveries, p. 15, Barnes & Noble Books - 2005]

1846 - Discovery / Planet Neptune - "The planet Neptune is discovered."

1846 - Published / Scientific American - "Scientific American magazine first published."

1847 - Birth / Thomas Edison - February 11th, 1847: "Thomas A. Edison is born."

1847 - Independence / Liberia - June 23rd, 1847: "Liberia becomes the first independent African republic."

1847 - Mormons / Salt Lake Valley - July 24th, 1847: "Mormons enter the Great Salt Lake Valley."

1847 - Birth / Jesse James - September 5th, 1847: "Jesse James is born."

1847 - U.S. Postage Stamp - "First official issue of adhesive backed postage stamp in the U.S."

1847 - British Building Society - "The Woolwich, Britain's first permanent building society, is registered. Previous building societies were temporary associations which terminated when all members had purchased houses. The Woolwich, which was actually founded a few years before its official registration, is the first permanent building society and thereafter permanent societies quickly become the norm." [Link: 1]

1847 - Birth / Jacob Henry Schiff - "Schiff, Jacob Henry, was born In 1847, at Frankfort on-the- Maine, Germany."

1847 - Smallpox Epidemic / Cayuse Indians - "Smallpox epidemic devistates the Cayuse indian tribe."

1848

1848 - Revolutions / Europe - "Revolutions begin in Germany, Austria, France, Italy, and Belgium."

1848 - Published / Communist Manifesto - January, 1848: "The Communist Manifesto is published."

1848 - California Gold Rush  - January 24th, 1848: "Gold is discovered at Sutter's Mill on the American River in northern California. The Gold Rush was one of the most significant events in California history. It brought people from all over the United States and the world in search for gold."

*Trivia: "The discovery of gold in California leads in the following decade to a massive increase in the production of gold coins by the mint with the result that in practice the US moves away from bimetallism towards a gold standard." [Link: 1]

1848 - End / Mexican-American War - February 2nd, 1848: "Mexican/American War ends [Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]."

1848 - Revolution / France - February 22-24th, 1848: "The Revolution of 1848 begins in Paris, France."

1848 - Independence / Hungary - March 15th, 1848: "In Hungary the April Laws are passed declaring Hungary seperate from the Austrian Empire."

1848 - Associated Press / U.S.A. - May 1848: "America's first news agency, Associated Press [AP] established."

1848 - Wisconsin - May 29th, 1848: "The 30th American state."

1848 - Washington Monument - July 4th, 1848: "Cornerstone of the Washington Monument is laid down."

1848 - Women's Rights Convention / U.S.A. - July 19, 1848: "One hundred and fifty years ago, in the small town of Seneca, New York, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, and three other women got together for a different kind of tea party. They sipped tea and talked about how unfair it was that they had to give all of their property and money to their husbands. They shared the belief that women, like men, should be able to own property, vote and get an education. Before they parted that afternoon, the five women decided to have a meeting to discuss rights for women. Held in July of 1848, their meeting was the first women's rights convention in the U.S. At that meeting, men and women signed a document called, Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions. By signing, these people agreed to the goals of what was becoming the women's movement." [Based on: Everyday section article (Tea for a Change), p. E4, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 03/21/06] - [Paragraph indents not transcribed - D.R.D.]

*Trivia: "During the Neolithic age, the matrilineal clan system and the rule of mother-right were followed almost everywhere. Early writings from Egypt depict the woman in complete control of herself and her home, with property descending from mother to daughter. The most significant revolution in Greece was the transition from matrilineal to patrilineal succession and the resulting destruction of clan loyalties. In many other areas, the matrilineal system survived to a late date. The Venerable Bede mentioned rules of matrilineal succession still existing in parts of the British Isles up to the 9th century.* [....]" * Stone, 15, 37, 52; Boulding, 318.

[Based on: The Women's Encyclopedia of Myths and Secrets, by Barbara  G. Walker (Copyright 1983), Subject (Matrilineal Inheritance) p. 620-624]  

*Trivia: "1893: Colorado is the first state to adopt an amendment granting women the right to vote. 1919: The amendment giving women the right to vote is passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate. It is then sent to the states for ratification. 1920: The 19th Amendment to the Constitution granting women the right to vote is signed into law. 1963: Congress passes the Equal Pay Act, making it illegal for employers to pay a woman less than what a man would receive for the same job. 1981: Sandra Day O'Connor is chosen by the President as the United States Supreme Court's first woman justice." [Based on: Everyday section article (Women's History Timeline), p. E4, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 03/21/06]

1848 - Gas Lights / White House - December 29th, 1848: "Gaslights first used at the White House, 1848." [Based on: The Old Farmer's Almanac (2006) by Robert B. Thomas, p. 99]

1848 - Oregon Territory - "Oregon established as a terrority of the United States."

1848 - Hawaii Territory - "Hawaii annexed by the United States as a terroritory."

1848 - Frozen / Niagra Falls - "In 1848, Niagra Falls reportedly stopped flowing due to natural causes [ice]. Another time that the falls stopped flowing was in 1969, due to man-made causes." [E.M.]

1848 - Emancipation / Connecticut - "The state of Connecticut abolishes slavery within its borders."

1848 - 1st U.S. Department Store - "First 'department store', Marble Dry Goods Palace, opened in New York City."

1848 - Emancipation / France, Denmark - "Emancipitation of slaves in France and Denmark."

1848 - Excavation / Enuma Elish Tablets - "The first Enuma Elish tablets to be discovered were unearthed, in the 1848-76 excavations of Sir Austen Henry Layard, from the library of King Ashur-banipal at Nineveh. They were subsequently published by George Smith of the British Museum in 1876 under the title The Chaldean Account of Genesis. Other tablets and fragments containing versions of the same epic were found as Ashur, Kish and Uruk, and it was asertained from colophons (publishers' imprints) that an even older text existed in a more ancient language. This conveyed the same story of how a certain deity had created the heavens and the earth, and everything on earth, including humankind." [Laurence Gardner, Genesis of the Grail Kings, p. 41]

1848 - Minimum Wage / U.S. Textile Mills - "Pennsylvania is first state to set a mininum wage for workers in textile mills."

1848 - Dental Chair - "Waldo Hanchett patented the dental chair."

1848 - Oh, Susanna - "Stephen Foster composed the song Oh, Susanna."

1849

1849 - U.S. President Zachary Taylor - March 4th, 1849: "The 12th American President, Zachary Taylor [Whig], begins his term."

1849 - Fire / St. Louis MO - May 17th, 1849: "Fire, ravages the city of Saint Louis, Missouri."

1849 - Emancipation / California - September, 1849: "California prohibits slavery within its borders."

1849 - N.Y Railroads - "Railroads services reach Yonkers and Tarrytown, N.Y."

1849 - Pacific Railroad - "Pacific Railroad is chartered in Missouri."

1849 - U.S. Secret Police - "The Know-Nothings, a secret political party, is formed."

1849 - 1st Baseball Uniforms - "First baseball uniforms introduced by the N.Y. Knickerbocker's."

1849 - Underground Railroad / U.S.A. - "Harriet Tubman escapes to the north and begins work with the underground railroad."

1849 - Beginning / Navajo Indian Hostilities - "Navajo indians begin hostilities which will last 14 years."

1849 - Official U.S. Territories / Minnesota & Oregon - "Minnesota and Oregon become official territories of the U.S."

1849 - Safety Pin - "Walter Hunt invents the safety pin."

1849 - Measured / Speed of Light - "The speed of light is first measured by Armand Fizeau near Paris, France."

1849 - Civil Disobedience - "Henry David Thoreau writes Civil Disobedience."

1850

1850 - Configuration - "Uranus-Pluto [Aries] conjunction [1850-1851]. Uranus-Pluto conjunctions and oppositions might bring sudden and radical changes, like a cathartic diarrhoea, yet their full integration takes ages."

1850 - Taiping Rebellion / China - July, 1850: "Taiping Rebellion begins in China and lasts 15 years.[1850-1864]."

1850 - U.S. President Millard Fillmore - July 9th, 1850: "The 13th American President, Millard Fillmore [Whig], begins his term."

1850 - California - September 9th, 1850: "The 31st American state."

1850 - Fugitive Slave Law / U.S.A. - September 18th, 1850: "Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Law."

1850 - Auk Extinction - "The Auk becomes extinct."

1850 - U.S. Capital Dome - "Construction of U.S. Capital 'Dome' begins."

1850 - Ute Indian Treaty ?- "The Ute indian tribe makes first treaty with the U.S."

1850 - Pre-Biblical History  - "It was not until the 1850's that documentary evidence of pre-biblical history first came to light, and this was followd twenty years later by some published texts. Not until the late 1920s were the first in-depth translations released into the public domain - translations of scribal record considerably older than the original Old Testament. As the archaeologists progressed their excavations, these ancient clay tablets and engraved cylinders emerged in their tens of thousands from the very Bible lands of Adam, Noah, and Abraham, and they were in large measure contemporary with the Old Testament's patriarchal and dynastic eras. More importantly, and perhaps surprisingly to some, many of their accounts were immediately familar, and it soon became obvious that these were the models for stories written down in retrospect by the Israelite compilers of Genesis." [Laurence Gardner, Genesis Of The Grail Kings, p. 5]

1850 - New Mexico Territory - "New Mexico terrority organized."

1850 - Exported British Capital - "Huge amounts of British capital are invested abroad [1850-1914], especially after 1890, in the United States, parts of the British Empire, and Argentina. The total reaches billions of pounds. Britain's later economic problems may be partly due to the neglect of British industry by the banks during this period." [Link: 1]

1850 - Utah Territory Established - "Utah terrority established."

1850 - Pinkerton's Dectective Agency - "Pinkerton's National Detective Agency established."

1850 - Undersea Cable - "First successful undersea telegraph cable between England and France."

1850 - Big Ben Clock Tower - "The Big Ben clock tower is completed in London, England."

1850 - Camptown Races - "Stephen Foster writes the song, Camptown Races."

1851

1851 - 1st Published Story / Sam Clemens - January 16th, 1851: "Sam Clemens publishes his first story in Hannibal's Western Union newspaper."

1851 - Austrailian Gold Rush  - February, 1851: "Ballarat strike begins Austrailian Gold rush. Along with the discovery in California 3 years earlier this leads to a huge expansion in the world's supplies of gold for money."

1851 - Pluto / Taurus - May 21st, 1851: Pluto at 0 degrees Taurus; October 15th, R. ...

*Link: http://www.astro.com/swisseph/ae/1800/ae_1851.pdf

1851 - Solar Eclipse - July 8th, 1851: "Solar eclipse over U.S."

1851 - Singer Sewing Machine - August 21st, 1851: "First continuous-stitch sewing machine manufactured by Isaac M. Singer."

1851 - The New York Times - September 18th, 1851: "First edition of The New York Times is published, for 1 cent a copy."

1851 - 1st Y.M.C.A. - December 29th, 1851: "First Y.M.C.A. in U.S. opened in Boston, Massassachutes."

1851 - Prohibition / United States - "Prohibition of 'intoxicating liquors' begins in Maine."

1851 - Fire / U.S. Library of Congress - "Fire destroys much of the Library of Congress."

1852

1852 - Publicly Endorsed Polygamy / United States - August, 1852: "Brighan Young publicly endorsed the doctrine of Polygamy."

1852 - APhA - "Pharmacy in the United States was organized from the top down, not from the bottom up as one might expect. There were, of course, a few local associations, most of which were represented at the founding of the American Pharmaceutical Association [APhA] in 1852; they included local pharmacy societies in Baltimore, Boston, Cincinnati, Hartford, New York City, Philadelphia, and Richmond. All but two of these associations were designated as 'colleges,' a term based on English custom to place pharmacy societies on the same footing as medical societies. The two 1852 local societies not designated as a college were the Connecticut group described by APhA as an 'imperfect association,' and the Richmond Pharmaceutical Association, whose membership was restricted to 'pharmacy proprietors.' There was an eighth local pharmacy group in 1852 called the German Apothecary Society of New York City; it served as a social club for the German pharmacists who had immigrated to America." [Links: 1, 2]

1852 - French Banks - "The Crédit Mobilier, founded in 1852, is the first effective major French bank to be established specifically for providing funds for industry and infrastructure. It is followed by many other new banks in the next two decades. Despite the failure of the Crédit Mobilier in 1867 these banks channel savings into essential investments in transport, communications, agriculture and industry." [Link: 1]

1852 - New Orleans Trivia - "New Orleans, Louisiana, is the third largest city in the U.S."

1852 - U.S. School System - "Massachusetts becomes first state to pass compulsory school attendance. The First public school opened in Boston; also and a public library was founded."

1852 - 2nd Anglo-Burmese War - "Second Anglo-Burmese War begins."

1852 - Emperor Napoleon III / France - "Louis Napoleon proclaims himself Emperor Napoleon III of France."

1852 - Penal Colony / French Guiana  - "French Guiana made the site of a penal colony."

1852 - Kerosine - "Abraham Gessner patents process for distilling Kerosine from petroleum."

1853

1853 - U.S. President Franklin Pierce - March 4th, 1853: "The 14th American President, Franklin Pierce [Democrat], begins his term."

1853 - Sam Clemens / St. Louis - June, 1853: "Sam Clemens begins his travels going to Saint Louis, Missouri."

1853 - Sam Clemens / New York - August 24th, 1853: "Sam Clemens arrives in New York City after a five day trip from Saint Louis."

1853 - Sam Clemens / Philadelphia - December, 1853: "Sam Clemens publishes his first travel letters while working in Philadelphia."

1853 - U.S. Subsidiary Coinage Act - "The silver content of half-dollars, quarters and dimes is reduced by about 7% making it no longer worthwhile to sell them to silver metal dealers. Therefore the new coins remain in circulation." [Link: 1]

1853 - Hypodermic Syringe - "First hypodermic syringe invents by Dr. Alexander Wood, Scotland."

1854

1854 - Sam Clemens / Washington, D.C. - February, 1854: "Sam Clemens visits Washington, D.C."

1854 - Sam Clemens / New York City  - March, 1854: "Sam Clemens returns to New York City."

1854 - Crimean War - March 28th, 1854: "The Crimean War begins with Britain and France aiding the Turks against the Russians."

1854 - Japanese / U.S. Trade - March 31st, 1854: "The Treaty of Kanagawa openes two Japanese ports to the western trade and influences."

1854 - Sam Clemens / Iowa - "Sam Clemens moves to Muscatine, Iowa. Works on Orions newspaper."

1854 - Sam Clemens / St. Louis - "Sam Clemens moves to Saint Louis, Missouri."

1854 - Catholic Dogma / Pope Pius IX - "Pope Pius IX declares dogma of Immaculate Conception, and doctrine of papal infallibility."

1854 - Republican Party / United States - "The Republican Party is formed at Ripon, Wisconsin."

1854 - Fiber Optics - "John Tyndall demonstrated the principles of fiber optics."

1854 - Street Cleaners / Philadelphia - December 15th, 1854: "Philadelphia streets first cleaned by machine, 1854." [Based on: The Old Farmer's Almanac (2006) by Robert B. Thomas, p. 99]

1855

1855 - Russian Czar Alexander II - "Nicholas I died in 1855 after a short illness. His son, Alexander II became Czar [March 2nd]. Alexander II became known as the 'liberator Czar' because in 1861, he ordered all serfs freed. Taking the lead of the American President Lincoln, he believed that a happy working class was the key to prosperity. He was very much against this type of slavery, and even survived attempts on his life after he freed the serfs. Between 1864-1865 many social reforms were instituted by Alex II, mostly geared at the newly freed serfs."

1855 - Suspension Bridge / Niagra Falls N.Y. - March 8th, 1855: "The First train crosses the newly completed suspension bridge at Niagara Falls."

1855 - Sam Clemens / Iowa - June-July, 1855: "Sam Clemens travels to Keokuk, Iowa. Visits Florida and Hannibal, Missouri."

1855 - Birth / Swami Shriyukteshwar Giri -

Swami Shriyukteshwar Giri (1855-1936) [NP] This great Jñanavatar ("Incarnation of Knowledge") was originally a householder named Priyanath Karar. He later renounced the world and became known as Swami Shriyukteshwarji. He was one of the foremost disciples of Lahiri Mahasaya, and was vastly learned in astronomy, astrology and mathematics. [....]

[Based on: http://www.hariharananda.org/english/who_we_are/kriya/kriya_linage.htm] - [T.D. - 01/15/07]

1855 - 3rd Seminole War - "The third Seminole War begins."

1856

1850s - Physics Trivia - "In the quarter century following that [1830-1855], Faraday's pioneering ideas about fields were developed by James Clerk Maxwell into our modern theory of electromagnetism. Maxwell not only unified electricity and magnetism, he explained light as an electromagnetic wave. In 1867, he explained the behavior of gases in terms of the atomic theory. During the same period, Rudolf Clausius introduced the notion of entropy." [Based on: Lee Smolin, The Trouble with Physics, p. ix (3rd paragraph - Introduction), copyright 2006]

*Trivia: "[....] Maxwell realized that there should be electromagnetic waves at all frequencies, not just those of visible light, and this led to the discovery of radio, infrared light, ultraviolet light, and so no. This illustrates another historical lesson: When someone proposes the right new unification, the implications become obvious very quickly. Many of these phenomena were observed in the first years after Maxwell published his theory." [Based on: Lee Smolin, The Trouble with Physics, p. 33 (2nd paragraph), copyright 2006]

1856 - 1st Public Speech / Sam Clemens - January 17th, 1856: - "Sam Clemens delivers his first public speech at a printers banquet in Keokuk."

1856 - End / Crimean War - March 30th, 1856: "The Treaty of Paris ends the Crimean War."

1856 - 1st Mississippi Railroad Bridge - April 21st, 1856: "First railroad bridge across Mississippi River constructed."

1856 - Birth / Nikola Tesla - July 9/10th, 1856: "Nikola Tesla was a Serbian-American inventor, electrical engineer, and scientist. He was born on July 9/10, 1856, in Croatia and died on January 7, 1943 in New York City." [Link: 1]

*Trivia: "The Smithsonian Book of Invention is an extra-large hardcover book almost 7/8 of an inch thick. Many inventors and their inventions are shown and their impact on civilization discussed - including Edison, Marconi, Archie Bunker, and Colonel Sanders. Tesla and his epic-causing discoveries are omitted." [Intro by Timothy Green Beckley, The Lost Journals of Nikola Tesla, p. 7]

1856 - Astronomic Configuration - July 10th, 1856: "Sun 17 Cancer, Moon 14 Libra, Mercury 28 Gemini, Venus 14 Cancer, Mars 18 Libra, Jupiter 8 Aries, Saturn 5 Cancer, Neptune 23 Taurus, Uranus 20 Pisces R, Pluto 5 Taurus."

1856 - Sam Clemens / Amazon - "Sam Clemens decides to go to the Amazon."

1856 - Sam Clemens / Ohio - October 15th, 1856: "Sam Clemens moves to Cincinnati, Ohio."

1856 - 2nd Opium War / China - "The 2nd Opium War begins in China."

1856 - 1st Passenger Elevator - "First passanger elevator developed by Elisha Otis in NYC."

1857

1857 - Earthquake / U.S.A. - January 9th, 1857: "Earthquake location: Fort Tejon, California. Earthquake magnitude: 7.9. Number of recorded fatalities: 1."  

1857 - Sam Clemens / New Orleans - February 16th, 1857: "Sam Clemens leaves Cincinnati for New Orleans on the steamboat Paul Jones."

1857 - U.S. President James Buchanan - March 4th, 1857: "The 15th American President, James Buchanan [Democrat], begins his term."

1857 - Steemboat Career / Sam Clemens - March 4-11th, 1857: "Sam Clemens begins steamboat career as a cub pilot on the Colonel Crossman."

1857 - Dred Scott Decision - March 6th, 1857: "U.S. Supreme Court decision in Dred Scott v. Sanford voids the Missouri Compromise."

*Trivia: "[....] In the 7-2 decision, rendered on March 6, 1857, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote that blacks were not citizens and had 'no rights which the white man is bound to respect.' The ruling greatly increased political tension over slavery and helped lead to the American Civil War four years later. [....] Dred Scott brought the original lawsuit for freedom in April 1846 to the St. Louis Courthouse. [....]" [Based on: St. Louis Post-Dispatch article, p. B1, 02/26/07] 

1857 - Cub Pilot / Sam Clemens - April-December, 1857: "San Clemens cub pilot on the ...Cresent City, ...Rufus J. Lackland, ...John J. Roe, ...William M. Morrison, ...Pennsylvania, ...D.A. January."

1857 - World-Wide Banking Crisis - October 1857: "World-wide banking crisis starts in the U.S. In the month of October 1,415 US banks are forced to suspend specie payments. Because of huge European, especially British, investment in the US the effects are felt on the other side of the Atlantic. In Germany many of the new idustrial banks founded in the early 1850s fail. However recovery from the crisis is rapid." [Link: 1]

1857 - Ocean Liner - November 3rd, 1857: "The Great Eastern, proto type of modern ocean liners, is launched."

1857 - Mexican War of the Reform - "The Mexican War of the Reform begins."

1857 - Earthquake / Italy - December 16th, 1857: "Earthquake location: Naples, Italy. Earthquake magnitude: 6.9. Number of recorded fatalities: 11,000."  

1858

1858 -  Cub Pilot Sam Clemens / New Falls River - January, 1858: "Sam Clemens cub pilot aboard New Falls River."

1858 - Cub Pilot Sam Clemens / Pennsylvania - February-June, 1858: "Sam Clemens cub pilot aboard the Pennsylvania."

1858 - Pencil & Eraser Combo - March 30th, 1858: "H. Lipman patented pencil and eraser combo, 1858." [Based on: The Old Farmer's Almanac (2006) by Robert B. Thomas, p. 105]

1858 - Minnesota - May 11th, 1858: "The 32nd American state."

1858 - Cub Pilot Sam Clemens - June 5th, 1858: "Sam Clemens, after a fight with pilot William Brown, leaves the Pennsylvania."

1858 - Cub Pilot Sam Clemens / Alfred T. Lacey - July, 1858: "Sam Clemens cub pilot aboard the Alfred T. Lacey."

1858 - Birth / Sawan Singh - "SAWAN SINGH (1858 [July 20th]—1948 A.D.)—The Great Master who succeeded Baba Jaimal Singh Ji Maharaj at Beas." [Based on: http://www.ruhanisatsangusa.org/gloss.htm]
*Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Sawan_Singh
              http://groups.google.com/group/alt.religion.eckankar/browse_thread/thread/0560ea865304b67e# [July 4th, Michael Turner]

*Trivia: "[....] In fact, except for Maharaj Charan Singh, the Satguru at Beas from 1951 to 1990, Sawan Singh attracted the largest following of any shabd yoga master in history, initiating more than 125,000 people into the mystic practice. [....]"

[Based on: http://vclass.mtsac.edu:930/phil/saint.htm]

1858 - 1st Transatlantic Cable - August, 1858: "First transatlantic telegraph cable is completed, it lasted just 27 days."

1858 - Cub Pilot Sam Clemens / John H. Dickey - August, 1858: "Sam Clemens cub pilot aboard the John H. Dickey."

1858 - Overland Mail / United States - October 9th, 1858: "Overland Mail stagecoach service between San Francisco and St. Louis begins."

1858 - Cub Pilot Sam Clemens / White Cloud and NewFalls River - October, 1858: "Sam Clemens cub pilot aboard the White Cloud and NewFalls River."

1858 - Birth / Theodore Roosevelt - October 27th, 1858: "Theodore Roosevelt is born."

1858 - Cub Pilot Sam Clemens / White Cloud and NewFalls River - December, 1858: "Sam Clemens cub pilot aboard the White Cloud and NewFalls River."

1858 - 1st Y.W.C.A. - "The first YWCA in America opens in Boston, Massachusetts."

1858 - End / 3rd Seminole War - "The third Seminole War ends."

1858 - French Military Forces / Vietnam - "Sigon is occupied by French military forces beginning their involvement in Vietnam."

1858 - Washing Machine - "Hamilton Smith patented the rotary washing machine."

1858 - Origin of Species - "Charles Darwin publishes Origin of the Species."

1859

1859 - Nevada Ore - January 28th, 1859: "The Comstock Load, [gold and silver ore] discovered in Nevada."

1859 - Oregon - February 14th, 1859: "The 33rd American state."

1859 - Pilot License / Sam Clemens - April 9th, 1859: "Sam Clemens receives his pilots license."

1859 - Excavation / Suez Canal - April 25th, 1859: "Excavation of the Suez Canal begins."

1859 - Super Solar Flare - September, 1959: "In September 1859, the sun unleashed a solar flare so intense that the flash of light rivaled the surface brightness of the sun itself. A ferocious geomagnetic storm ensued in which Northern Lights descended as far south as the Bahamas and Hawaii. Meanwhile, telegraph engineers disconnected their batteries and powered communications by electricity from the auroras! Could it happen again? [....]" [Based on: http://spaceweather.com/] - [T.D. - 05/08/08]

1859 - Pilot Sam Clemens - May-October, 1859: "Sam Clemens pilots on the ...Alfred T. Lacey, ...J.C. Swan, ...Edward J. Gay, ...A.B. Chambers."

1859 - Birth / Henri Bergson - October 18th, 1859: "Henri-Louis Bergson (October 18, 1859 – January 4, 1941) was a major French philosopher, influential in the first half of the 20th century. [....]"

[Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bergson]

1859 - 1st U.S. Oil Well - August 28th, 1859: "First oil well drilled at Titusville, Pennsylvania, striking oil at a depth of 69.5 feet."

1859 - A Tale of Two Cities - "Charles Dickens publishes A Tale of Two Cities."

1860

1860 - Famine / Sweden - "Between the years 1860 and 1910 almost a million Swedes left for America in connection with several years of famine, poverty and difficulties in providing for themselves." [Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, September/October 2004, p. 13]

1860 - First Russian Marxist / Nicholas Utin - "In the 1860s and '70s, Jewish activists occupied some of the highest positions in the fledgling Russian revolutionary movement. The 'pioneer of Russian-Jewish revolutionary action' was Nicholas Utin, a baptised Jew who was instrumental in creating a Russian Section in the First International. Known as the first Russian Marxist, Utin was prominent in the struggle of the International's Marxian wing against the anarchistic tactics of Bakunin.
   "Utin was followed by a great number of Jews including Mark Natanson, the founder of the Russian Narodnik movement, Paul Axeirod who together with George Plckahnov and Vera Zasulitch formed the 'Triumvirate' of the founders of the Russian Social-Democratic movement in 1883, Rosalie Bograd who married Plekhanov, Meir Molodetsky, Gregory Goldenberg, Mw Deutch, Vladimir Jochelson, Aaron Sundelievitch, and Hesya Helfmann, who was among those sentenced to death for the assassination of Czar Alexander." [Link: 1]

1860 - Pilot Sam Clemens  / City of Memphis - March-July, 1860: "Sam Clemens pilots on the City of Memphis."

1860 - Pony Express / United States - April 3rd, 1860: "Pony Express begins operations between Saint Joseph, Missouri and sacramento, California."

1860 - Japanese Ambassador / U.S.A. - April 25th, 1860: "The first Japanese ambassador to the U.S. arrives in Washington D.C."

1860 - Pilot Sam Clemens /  Arago- July 28-August 31st, 1860: "Sam Clemens pilots on the Arago."

1860 - Trivia / Annie Oakley - August 13th, 1860:

   Long before television, entertainers traveled from town to town. One of America's favorites was markswoman Annie Oakley [Born: August 13th, 1860. Died: November 3rd, 1926]. In her day, she was as well-known as any of today's rock musicians or movie stars.
   Annie Oakley, whose real name was Phoebe Ann Moses, was the sixth of eight children in a family of Ohio pioneers. She had a hard childhood. After her father died of frostbite after being caught in a snowstorm, Annie learned to hunt to help feed her family. She later became a good enough shot to sell meat to big-city hotels and animal pelts to fur traders.
   In 1875, when she was 15, a marksman named Frank Butler came to town with his traveling show. Butler was offering a prize of $100 to anyone who could out-shoot him. Annie Oakley showed up and won the prize. A year later, the two were married.
   Annie went on the road with her husband's show and soon became internationally famous. Everywhere they went, huge crowds came to see her sharpshooting. They eventually joined Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, where Annie was one of the star attractions for 17 years.
   How good was she? From 30 paces she could hit the edge of a playing card, a dime tossed in the air, or a cigarette held between her husband's lips. Once, while she was performing in Berlin, Germany, the Prussian Crown Prince insisted on holding the cigarette for that particular trick. (If she had shot him instead of the cigarette, the course of world history would have been changed, for it was the Crown Prince - later known as Kaiser Wilhelm II - who started World War I in 1914).
   Annie and her husband retired in 1901.
   The Irving Berlin musical 'Annie Get Your Gun,' is based on Oakley's life. Oakley never had children, but just before her death she made a generous gift to children. She melted down all the gold medals she had won during her career, sold the gold, and donated the money to a children's home in the South.

[Based on: Article (Annie Oakley Entertainer (1860-1926), p. E2, S.L.P.D., 03/16/06]
*Links: http://www.traphof.org/inductees/oakley.htm

1860 - Pilot Sam Clemens / Alonzo Child - September 19th, 1860: "Sam Clemens pilots on the Alonzo Child, his last job as steamboat pilot."

1860 - President Abraham Lincoln - November 6th, 1860: Abraham Lincoln elected president with less than 40 per cent of the votes."

1860 - Secession / South Carolina - December 20th, 1860: "South Carolina is the first state to secede from the Union."

1860 - End / 2nd Opium War - "The 2nd opium War ends with the signing of the Peking Convention."

1860 - 1st International Chemical Congress  - "The first international chemical congress convened and established the theory of atomic weights where hydrogen was attributed the lowest value of 1."

1860 - Only Just Beginning? / "Science of Religion" - 1860: " 'The science of religion,' wrote max Muller in 1860, 'is only just beginning.... During the last fifty years the authentic documents of the most important religions in the world have been recovered in a most unexpected and almost miraculous manner. We have now before us the Canonical books of Buddhism; the Zend-Avesta of Zoroaster is no longer a sealed book; and the hyms of the Rig-Veda have revealed a state of religions anterior to the first beginnings of that mythology which in Homer and Hesiod stands before us as a mouldering ruin' " [Based on: H.P. Blavatsky, Isis Unveiled, reprint (1998, Vol. 2) of the 1877 edition, p. 26]

1861

1861 - Offering Satsang / Shiv Dayal Singh - January 1861:

   Soamiji Maharaj Shiv Dayal Singh (1818–1878) (also known as Siva Dayal Sahib), the first Satguru of Radhasoami, was born August 25, 1818, into a khatri family, residing in Panni Gali, Agra, India. On the request of his disciple, Rai Saligram Bahadur, also known as Hazur Maharaj, he began offering satsang on Basant-Panchami day in January 1861. Around 1866, the satsang was named “Radhasoami Satsang." Soamiji Maharaj presided over the satsang meetings for seventeen years at Panni Gali and Soami Bagh in Agra until he died on June 15, 1878. [....]

[Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiv_Dayal_Singh]

1861 - Trivia / Kriya Yoga - "Throughout the history of creation, the divine teachings of Kriya Yoga were introduced and lost countless times, in accordance with the different cycles of human consciousness. [NP] The contemporary re-introduction of Kriya Yoga began in 1861 in a remote mountain cave in northern India, and has been since then transmitted through an unbroken lineage of realized masters."

[Based on: http://www.hariharananda.org/english/who_we_are/kriya/kriya_linage.htm] - [T.D. - 01/15/07]
[Other links: http://www.geocities.com/chelab4/]

*Trivia:

According to Yogananda, Kriya Yoga was well-known in ancient India, but was eventually lost, due to "priestly secrecy and man’s indifference." The story of Lahiri Mahasaya receiving initiation into Kriya Yoga by the immortal yogi Mahavatar Babaji in 1861 is recounted in Autobiography of a Yogi.[2] At that meeting, Yogananda wrote that Mahavatar Babaji told Lahiri Mahasaya, "The Kriya Yoga that I am giving to the world through you in this nineteenth century, is a revival of the same science that Krishna gave milleniums ago to Arjuna; and was later known to Patanjali and Christ."   [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriya_Yoga] - [T.D. - 01/15/07]

1861 - Sam Clemens / Nrew Orleans - January 24-29th, 1861: "Sam Clemens stays in New Orleans aboard the Alonzo Child."

1861 - Kansas - January 29th, 1861: "The 34th American state."

1861 - Southern Secession - January, 1861: "Five more Southern states secede from the Union."

1861 - Secession / Alabama - January 11th, 1861: "Alabama seceded from the Union, 1861." [Based on: The Old Farmer's Almanac (2006) by Robert B. Thomas, p. 101]

1861 - Confederate Constitution / U.S.A - February, 1861: "At a convention in Montgomery, Alabama, the seven seceding states created the Confederate Constitution, a document similar to the United States Constitution, but with greater stress on the autonomy of each state. Jefferson Davis was named provisional president of the Confederacy until elections could be held." [Link: 1]

1861 - Secession / Texas  - February 23rd, 1861: "Texas secedes from the Union."

1861 - Nevada / Dakota Territories - March 2nd, 1861: "Nevada and Dakota become U.S. territories."

1861 - Unratified / U.S. Slavery Amendment - March 3rd, 1861: "Unratified slavery amendment."

1861 - U.S. President Abraham Lincoln - March 4th, 1861: "The 16th American President, Abraham Lincoln [Republican], begins his term. At Lincoln's inauguration the new president said he had no plans to end slavery in those states where it already existed, but he also said he would not accept secession. He hoped to resolve the national crisis without warfare."

1861 - Confederate States of America - March 11th, 1861: "Constitution of the Confederate States of America adopted."

1861 - Pluto 8 Degrees Taurus - April 12th, 1861: Pluto 8 / 34 degrees Taurus.

*Link: http://www.astro.com/swisseph/ae/1800/ae_1861.pdf

1861 - Beginning / American Civil War - April 12th, 1861: "When President Lincoln planned to send supplies to Fort Sumter, he alerted the state in advance, in an attempt to avoid hostilities. South Carolina, however, feared a trick. On April 10, 1861, Brig. Gen. Beauregard, in command of the provisional Confederate forces at Charleston, South Carolina, demanded the surrender of the Union garrison of Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. The Garrison commander Anderson refused. On April 12, Confederate batteries opened fire on the fort, which was unable to reply effectively. At 2:30 p.m., April 13, Major Anderson surrendered Fort Sumter, evacuating the garrison on the following day. The bombardment of Fort Sumter was the opening engagement of the American Civil War. Although there were no casualties during the bombardment, one Union artillerist was killed and three wounded [one mortally] when a cannon exploded prematurely when firing a salute during the evacuation. From 1863 to 1865, the Confederates at Fort Sumter withstood a 22 month siege by Union forces. During this time, most of the fort was reduced to brick rubble. Fort Sumter became a national monument in 1948." [Link: 1]

*Trivia: "In American history books there is nothing about the role of the banks in the first and second American wars of independence (that is 1775-83 and 1812-1814). Neither is there anything about the debt-free 'greenbacks' that Abraham Lincoln issued. Their existence is only verified by a few encyclopedias.
   "To finance the American Civil War, which broke out on April 12,1861, President Abraham Lincoln was forced to utilize the right of the Congress to issue its own currency. Between the years 1862 to 1864, 450 million interestfree 'greenbacks' were printed. Lincoln promised at his re-election in 1864 to begin fighting the banks as soon as the war was over. Lord Goschen, the representative of the financial world, wrote in The London Times: 'If this financial policy becomes permanent, the government can without expenses acquire necessary monetary provision. It can pay its debt and repay its loans without debt. It will have enough money to trade (on the open market). It is going to be more healthy than any other (before) in history. If we do not overthrow this government, it will overthrow us.'
   "The North during the Civil War was financed by the Rothschilds through their American agent August Belmont (actually Schoenberg) and the South by the Erlanger brothers who were related to the Rothschild family." [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, p. 10]

1861 - Non Military Status / Women Nurses, U.S.A. - 1861-1865: "For the first time, the U.S. recruits about 4,200 women to serve with the army as nurses, without military status." [Based on: St. Louis Post-Dispatch, p. A10, 07/10/05]

1861 - Robert E. Lee / Confederate Army - April 20th, 1861: "Robert E. Lee resigns from the Union Army to join the Confederacy."

1861 - Sam Clemens - April 25th, 1861: "Sam Clemens career as a river pilot ends when the Civil War closes off the Mississippi River."

1861 - Renewed Pilot License / Sam Clemens - May 20th, 1861: "Sam Clemens renews his pilots license."

1861 - Sam Clemens / St. Louis Masonic Lodge - May 21st, 1861: "Sam Clemens joins the Saint Louis, Missouri Masonic Lodge."

1861 - Organization / Nevada Territory - July 8th, 1861: "Governor James W. Nye begins organizing Nevada Territory."

1861 - Sam Clemens / Nevada - July 26th, 1861: "Sam Clemens and brother Orion, head for Nevada by stagecoach."

1861 - Sam Clemens - August 1861: "Sam Clemens meets Brigham Young president of the Mormon church."

1861 - Marshall Law / Missouri - August 30th, 1861: "President Abraham Lincoln proclaims martial law in Missouri."

1861 - End / Pony Express - October 26th, 1861: "The Pony Express goes out of business after only 18 month of operation."

1861 - Confederate John Tyler - November 7th, 1861: "Former president John Tyler is elected to the Confederate House of Representatives."

1861 - Birth / "Swami Premananda" - December 10th, 1861: "The name 'Swami Premananda' given to Baburam by Swami Vivekananda at the time of accepting the monastic orders, was a true reflection of his basic trait universal love. Born to affluent parents on December 10, 1861, Baburam completed his early schooling in his village of Antpur (Bengal), came to Calcutta for higher education and joined the Metropolitan Institution. There he had the privilege of having Sri 'M' ( Mahendranath Gupta ), the celebrated author of The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna as his Headmaster and Rakhal ( Swami Brahmananda) as his class-mate. It was the latter who was instrumental in taking Baburam to Sri Ramakrishna. Sri Ramakrishna examined Baburam's features in his own, rather queer, way and was satisfied about his high spiritual potentialities. Increased contacts with Sri Ramakrishna intensified Baburam's inherent spiritual thirst which had been manifesting itself even from his childhood. After the passing away of Sri Ramakrishna, Baburam, along with his brother-disciples like Narendranath (Swami Vivekananda) and Rakhal embrace the monastic life, becoming 'Swami Premananda.' He spent most of his life in the monasteries at Baranagore, Alambazar and Belur taking care of worship, internal management and training of the new monastic recruits. [....] The deadly disease of Kala Azar took him on the 30th July 1918. [....]" [Based on: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/1863/prem.html] - [T.D. - 01/07/07]

1861 - Central Pacific Railroad Co. - "The Central Pacific railroad company is formed."

1862

1862 - 1st Federal Income Tax / United States - January 1st, 1862: "First federal income tax, of 3 per cent, introduced to finance the Civil War."

1862 - Confederate President Jefferson Davis / United States - February 22nd, 1862: "Jefferson Davis inaugurated president of Confederate States of America."

1862 - Sam Clemens / Nevada - February-August, 1862: "Sam Clemens works silver mines at Aurora, Nevada."

1862 - U.S. Naval Battle / Monitor & Merrimac - March 9th, 1862: "In an attempt to reduce the North's great naval advantage, Confederate engineers converted a scuttled Union frigate, the U.S.S. Merrimac, into an iron-sided vessel rechristened the C.S.S. Virginia. On March 9, in the first naval engagement between ironclad ships, the Monitor fought the Virginia to a draw, but not before the Virginia had sunk two wooden Union warships off Norfolk, Virginia."

1862 - Battle of Shiloh, Tennessee - April 6-7th, 1862: "The Battle of Shiloh, Tennessee [3,482 dead, 16,420 wounded]."

1862 - Homestead Act - May 20th, 1862: "President Lincoln signs the Homestead Act. The Homestead Act opened up Indian land in Kansas and Nebraska to homesteaders, who were deeded 160 acre plots after inhabiting them for five years."

1862 - Trivia / U.S. Treason - June 7th, 1862: "William Bruce Mumford is the first U.S. citizen to be hanged for Treason."

1862 - Trivia / Medal of Honor - July 12th, 1862: "The U.S. Congress authorizes the 'Medal of Honor'."

1862 - Gatling Gun - November 4th, 1862: "The Gatling Gun, firing 250 rounds a minute, is patented by Dr. Richard Gatling."

1863

1863 - Emancipation Proclamation / U.S.A. - January 1st, 1863: "In an effort to placate the slave-holding border states, Lincoln resisted the demands of radical Republicans for complete abolition. Yet some Union generals, such as General B. F. Butler, declared slaves escaping to their lines 'contraband of war,' not to be returned to their masters. Other generals decreed that the slaves of men rebelling against the Union were to be considered free. Congress, too, had been moving toward abolition. In 1861, Congress had passed an act stating that all slaves employed against the Union were to be considered free. In 1862, another act stated that all slaves of men who supported the Confederacy were to be considered free. Lincoln, aware of the public's growing support of abolition, issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, declaring that all slaves in areas still in rebellion were, in the eyes of the federal government, free." [Link: 1]

1863 - Birth / "Swami Vivekananda" - January 12th, 1863: "Swami Vivekananda (... Shami Bibekanondo), whose pre-monastic name was Narendranath Dutta (... Nôrendronath Dotto, and who was also known as Swami Vividishananda) and was affectionately known to some as Naren (January 12, 1863 - July 4, 1902) was one of the most famous and influential spiritual leaders of the philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga. He was the chief disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and was the founder of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission. Many consider him an icon for his fearless courage, his positive exhortations to the youth, his broad outlook on social problems, and countless lectures and discourses on Vedanta philosophy. [....]"

[Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda] - [T.D. - 01/07/07]

1863 - Sam Clemens / Mark Twain - February 3rd, 1863: "Sam Clemens first use of the pen name Mark Twain."

1863 - Conscription Act  / United States - March, 1863: "Because of recruiting difficulties, an act was passed making all men between the ages of 20 and 45 liable to be called for military service. Service could be avoided by paying a fee or finding a substitute. The act was seen as unfair to the poor, and riots in working-class sections of New York City broke out in protest. A similar conscription act in the South provoked a similar reaction."

1863 - West Virginia - June 20th, 1863: "The 35th American state."

1863 - Battle of Gettysburg / Pennsylvania - July 1-3rd, 1863: "A chance encounter between Union and Confederate forces began the Battle of Gettysburg. In the fighting that followed, Meade had greater numbers and better defensive positions. He won the battle, but failed to follow Lee as he retreated back to Virginia. Militarily, the Battle of Gettysburg was the high-water mark of the Confederacy; it is also significant because it ended Confederate hopes of formal recognition by foreign governments."
   Reportedly: "The Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, resulted in 7,155 dead and 23,365 wounded."

1863 - Draft Riots / New York City - July 11-14th, 1863: "50,000 demonstrate and hundreds killed in New York City's Draft Riots."

1863 - Personal Misfortune / Sam Clemens - July 26th, 1863: "Fire in a Nevada City, Nevada, hotel destroys all of Sam Clemens belongings."

1863 - Battle of Chickamauga / Georgia - September 19-20th, 1863: "The Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia, [4,045 dead, 23,161 wounded]."

1863 - General Ulysses S. Grant / Union Army - October 16th, 1863: "General Ulysses S. Grant takes command of Union's western armies."

1863 - Sam Clemens / A Bloody Massacre - October 28th, 1863: "Sam Clemens publishes A Bloody Massacre Near Carson, as a practical joke."

1863 - Gettysburg Address / Abraham Lincoln - Novenmber 19th, 1863: "President Lincoln dedicated a portion of the Gettysburg battlefield as a national cemetery, and delivered his memorable 'Gettysburg Address.' " [Link: 1]

1863 - Partial Lunar Eclipse - "November 25th"

1863 - Thanksgiving Day / U.S.A. - October, 1863: "President Lincoln proclaims the fourth Thursday in November as Thanksgiving Day."

1863 - French Forces / Mexico City - "In 1863, French forces capture Mexico City and install Austrian Archduke Maximillian as pupet ruler."

1863 - 1st Roller Skate - "First roller skate using four wheels was patented by James Plimpton."

1863 -  1st Ladies Dress Patern - "First ladies dress patern for home use manufactured by Ebenezer Butterick."

1863 - The Man Without A Country - "Edward Everett Hale publishes The Man Without A Country."

1864

1864 - Sam Clemens / Hawaii - March 7th, 1864: "Sam Clemens sails to Hawaii as a Sacremento Union correspondent."

1864 - General Grant / Union Army - March 10th, 1864: "General Grant takes command of all Union troops."

1864 - Emperor Maximilian / Mexico - April 10th, 1864: "France makes Maximilian emperor of Mexico."

1864 - Sam Clemens / Nevada - Sam Clemens - May 21st, 1864: "In Virginia City, Nevada, Sam Clemens challenges James Laird to a duel."

1864 - Sam Clemens / San Francisco - July 19th, 1864: "Sam Clemens returns to San Francisco, California."

1864 - Nevada - October 31st, 1864: "The 36th American state."

1864 - Re-Election / Abraham Lincoln - November 4th, 1864: "Abraham Lincoln re-elected president of the United States."

1864 - March to the Sea / General Sherman  - November 14th, 1864: "General Sherman continued his march through Georgia to the sea. In the course of the march, he cut himself off from his source of supplies, planning for his troops to live off the land. His men cut a path 300 miles in length and 60 miles wide as they passed through Georgia, destroying factories, bridges, railroads, and public buildings."

1864 - Sam Clemens / New York - December 15th, 1864: "Sam Clemens sails for New York."

1864 - Battle of Nashville - December 15-16th, 1864: "The Battle of Nashville, Tennessee, [app. 9,000 dead, wounded or missing]."

1864 - Navajo "Long Walk" - "As white settlers and prospectors pushed westward in the latter half of the 19th century, displacement of Native Americans from their ancestral homelands became commonplace. One of the most tragic episodes of exile was the Long Walk in 1864, when Kit Carson rounded up 8,000 Navajos and forced them to walk more than 300 miles from northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico to Bosque Redondo, a desolate tract on the Pecos River in eastern New Mexico."

1864 - 1st U.S. Accident Insurance - "First accident insurance policy issued to James Bolter of Hartford, Connecticut."

1864 - Pasteurization - "Louis Pasteur discovers a process to preserve beverages, known today as 'pasteurization'."

1864 - Journey To The Center Of The Earth - "Jules Verne publishes Journey To The Center Of The Earth."

1864 - Mark Twain - "Mark Twain publishes Advice for Good Little Girl's, and Advice for Good Little Boy's."

1865

1865 - Passed / 13th U.S. Amendment - January 31st, 1865: "13th U.S. Constitutional amendment ['Slavery Abolished'] passed." [Link: 1]

1865 - President Abraham Lincoln / 2nd Term  - March 4th, 1865: "Abraham Lincoln begins second term as president of U.S."

1865 - Appomattox - April 9th, 1865: "General Lee's troops were soon surrounded, and on April 7, Grant called upon Lee to surrender. On April 9, the two commanders met at Appomattox Courthouse, and agreed on the terms of surrender. Lee's men were sent home on parole - soldiers with their horses, and officers with their side arms. All other equipment was surrendered."

1865 - Fatality / Abraham Lincoln - "On April 14, as President Lincoln was watching a performance of 'Our American Cousin' at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C., he was shot by John Wilkes Booth, an actor from Maryland obsessed with avenging the Confederate defeat. Lincoln died the next morning. Booth escaped to Virginia. Eleven days later, cornered in a burning barn, Booth was fatally shot by a Union soldier. Nine other people were involved in the assassination; four were hanged, four imprisoned, and one acquitted."

1865 - U.S. President Andrew Johnson - April 15th, 1865: "The 17th American President, Andrew Johnson [Democrat], begins his term."

1865 - 1st Train Robbery - May 5th, 1865: "First train robbery took place in Ohio."

1865 - Confederate Defeat - "May 10th, 1865: "Remaining Confederate troops were defeated between the end of April and the end of May. Jefferson Davis was captured in Georgia on May 10."

1865 - Last Battle / U.S. Civil War - May 13th, 1865: "The engagement at Palmito Ranch, Texas, is the last battle of the Civil War."

1865 - End / U.S. Civil War - May 26th, 1865: "General Kirby Smith surrenders all Confederate troop west of the Mississippi, 26 May."

*Trivia: "The Civil War ended on April 9, 1865, and international Freemasonry got busy to remove President Lincoln." [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, p. 10]

*Trivia: "The assassination of Lincoln was carried out by John Wilkes Booth (Botha), a Freemason of the 33rd degree, on April 15, 1865 in Washington, D.C., only six days after the end of the Civil War. Izola Forrester, Booth's granddaughter, stated in her book, This One Mad Act (1937), that Booth belonged to the lodge Knights of the Golden Circle and also Giuseppe Mazzini's 'revolutionary' movement Young America. Izola Forrester revealed in detail that the Freemasons were involved in the assassination of the president. Booth was soon eliminated.
   "The above-mentioned Masonic lodge Knights of the Golden Circle was mixed up in the plot. This name had begun to be seen in the press, and so the Freemason leader Albert Pike in 1866 decided to rename it the Ku Klux Klan; 'kyklos' in Greek meaning 'circle.'
   "It was officially founded as a new organization in 1866 in Pulaski, Tennessee. In 1882 it was banned. The present group with the same name was founded in 1915 by William Joseph Simmons and thus has not grown out of the Masonic lodge that existed in the 1860s and 1870s.
   "After the demise of Lincoln, things were 'normalized.' The amount of money in circulation, which in 1866 amounted to $1.9 billion or $50.46 per capita, had by 1876 been reduced to $605 million or $14.60 per person.
   "As a result there were 56,446 bankruptcies in 10 years and a loss of $2 billion. In 1887 the Masonic bankers reduced the money amount further to $6.67 per head. The Irish writer Margrit Kennedy stated in the book Interest and Inflation Free Money that the interest rate always goes up when there is a shortage of money. This in turn leads to bankruptcies and worsens the unemployment rate." [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, pp. 10-11]

1865 - Earthquake / U.S.A. - October 8th, 1865: "Earthquake location: San Jose, California. Earthquake magnitude: 6.5. Number of recorded fatalities: 0."  

1865 - Ratification / 13th U.S. Amendment - December 6th, 1865: "13th U.S. Constitutional amendment ['Slavery Abolished'] ratified. At the time when slavery was abolished, nearly 539,000 Americans [1/5th of the total U.S. population] were owned by others" [Link: 1]

1865 - King Leopold II / Belgium - December 10th, 1865: "Leopold II becomes king of Belgium."

1865 - Founded / Ku Klux Klan - "The Ku Klux Klan founded in Pulaski, Tennessee by Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest."

1866 - U.S. Southern Reconstruction Era - "Reconstruction Era begins in the South."

1865 - Protestant Native American Missionary Schools - "The United States gives contracts to Protestant missionary societies to operate Indian schools."

1865 - 1st Coffee Percolator - "First coffee percolator patented by James Nason."

1865 - Alice's Adventures In Wonderland - "Lewis Carroll, Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, publishes Alice's Adventures In Wonderland."

1866

1866 - Mark Twain / Sandwich Islands - March 7th, 1866: "Mark Twain sails for the Sandwich Islands as a traveling correspondent aboard the SS Ajax."

1866 - Passed / 14th U.S. Amendment - June 13th, 1866: "14th U.S. Constitutional amendment ['Citizenship Rights'] passed." [Link: 1]

1866 - Mark Twain / San Francisco - August 13th, 1866: "Mark Twain returns to San Francisco from the Sandwich Islands aboard the clipper ship Smyrniote."

1866 - 1st Lecture / Mark Twain - October 2nd, 1866: "Mark Twain delivers his first lecture to a San Francisco audience."

1866 - S.P.C.A. - "First American chapter of the S.P.C.A. established in New York."

1866 - Railroad Enabling Act - "Railroad Enabling Act appropriates Indian lands for railway use."

1866 - Jacob Henry Schiff  / N.Y City - "Schiff, Jacob Henry, was born In 1847, at Frankfort on-the- Maine, Germany. He received his education in the schools of Frankfort. In 1866 he came to America, where he settled in New York City. Here, he joined the staff of a banking house. In 1873, he returned to Europe w