Chronology:
15 Billion - 4 Million B.C.   11,000 B.C. - 9,000 B.C.   9,000 B.C. - 3,000 B.C.   3,000 B.C. - 1 A.D.
Historical Summary: 3000 B.C - 1 A.D.   Historical Summary: 500-year Neptune / Pluto Cycles

Timeline: 1 A.D. - Present   Historical Summary: 1 A.D. - Present

*Color Code Index

*Interlude: "Did orthodox church dogma suggest Earth was created about 4,000 B.C.? Apparently, it did. Unfortunately, this long-held popular paradigm has seriously warped a modern view of the ancient world by attributing post-4,000 B.C. dates to the oldest civilizations and world cultures on the planet. Not only the first people, the first civilizations, the first languages, the first calendars, the first monuments, the first governments and religions, but after about 4,000 B.C. we find nearly every Biblical event [thus all of Earth's history]. We find things this way because what some people once believed, some people still do! []" [E.M.]

3,000 B.C. - Altithermal - "It is suspected by Earth scientists that the sun shone particularly brightly about this time. This episode is called the Altithermal, and may have contributed to the rise of the early civilizations. Another similar high heat episode occurs around 1,000 A.D."

3,000 B.C. - Alpha Draconis - "In the 3rd millenium B.C, the north pole star was not the present Polaris in Ursa Minor, the Little Bear. It was Alpha Draconis, the Head of the Dragon."

3,000 B.C. - Gilgamesh Epic - "The interesting fact for Sumer is that pictorial representations of the Mesopotamian classics appear many centuries before our earliest texts thereof. For example, the greatest Mesopotamian classic is the Gilgamesh Epic. Seals depicting scenes from the Gilgamesh Epic are exceedingly common, and begin about 1,000 years before the earliest cuneiform tablets dealing with those scenes. Accordingly, the materials out of which the Gilgamesh Epic was fashioned by the second millennium B.C. were circulating orally, and pictorally, around 3,000 B.C." [Link: 1]

3,000 B.C. - Trivia / Akkadians - "According to popular history, beginning in 3,000 B.C. a group of people called Akkadians drifted into the Tigris-Euphrates valley along the northern fringes of Sumeria. They spoke a language entirely unrelated to Sumerian, one of a group we call 'Semitic' today, because the people who speak it are described, in the Bible, as having been descended from Shem, the oldest son of Noah." [Links:  1, 2]

*Trivia: "[....] The spread of Akkadian as the language of administration throughout the Near East led to contacts with Indo-European languages and also facilitated the borrowing of hundreds of its lexical items by languages like Hebrew. [....]" [Based on: A History of the Hebrew Language, Angel Saenz-Badillos, 2000 edition, p. 13]

3,000 B.C. - Trivia / Cuneiform - "It is estimated that 99 percent of the Babylonian tablets have yet to be dug. The oldest ones reportedly go back to 3,000 B.C. In tablets almost 5,000 years old, and others less than 3,000 years old - the 'Noah figure' of Utnapishtim is known variously as Zisudra, Xisuthros or Atrahasis." [Link: 1]

3,000 B.C. - Trivia / Old English - "Old English is spawned from a common Germanic language group in the Elbe river region."

3,000 B.C. - Canaanites Enter Canaan -  "A traditional date when the Canaanites entered Canaan." [Link: 1]

*Trivia: "An alternate name for Canaan, especially for cities along the shore, was Phoenicia. This was used by the Greeks from their word for purple, because in later centuries a purple dye was manufactured there. The northern portion of Canaan came to be called Syria in later times; this again being a Greek name, taken from that of a tribe that lived in the region." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 34]

*Trivia: "The basic situation described in the Exodus saga - the phenomenon of immigrants coming down to Egypt from Canaan and settling in the eastern border regions of the delta - is abundantly verified in the archaeological finds and historical texts. From earliest recorded times throughout antiquity, Egypt beckoned as a place of shelter and security for the people of Canaan at times when drought, famine, or warfare made life unbearable or even difficult." [Based on: Israel Finkelstein, The Bible Unearthed, pp. 52-53.] 

3,000 B.C. - Division / Semitic Language - "[....] A common view is that the first division within Semitic happened before 3000 BCE, separating Northeast Semitic (Akkadian) from the rest. It seems likely that before 2000 BCE West Semitic had already split into two branches, Northern and Southern. At the end of the second millennium the Canaanite and Aramaic groups emerged within Northwest Semitic. In the south, differences developed among the Arabic (North Arabian), South Arabian, and Ethiopic. Each one of these branches eventually evolved into the languages and dialects we know today. [....]" [Based on: Angel Saenz-Badillos, A History of the Hebrew Language, 2000 edition, p. 10]

3,000 B.C. - Trivia / Minoan Civilization - "Bronze Age civilization, centring on the island of Crete. It was named after the legendary king Minos. It is divided into three periods: the early Minoan period [c.3000-2200 B.C.], the Middle Minoan period [c.2200-1500 B.C.] and the Late Minoan period [c.1500-1000 B.C.]. According to Mythology, Crete was the place where Zeus grew up. He was especially worshipped on the island, and king Minos was considered his son.The island has many myths surrounding it: here, the Minotaur was defeated by Theseus, Daedalus and Icarus worked here. The first great civilization of Greece started on Crete. It is called the Minoan, after its most famous king, Minos. There is a theory that Minos actually was several kings. The Minoan period started sometime around the 3rd Millennium B.C. and ended in the 15th century, probably because of natural disasters like earthquakes. Reportedly, Minoan cities were unwalled." [Link: 1]

3,000 B.C. - Commercial Capital / Elba, Syria - "Ebla, Syria, was a commercial capital of this era [3,000-2,000 B.C.]. In 1975 tens of thousands of cuneiform tablets were found that supported Ebla's role."

3,000 B. C.  - Ship Transport / Byblos to Egypt - "Ships transported timber from Byblos to Egypt."

*Trivia: "A fleet of twelve 5,000 year old royal wooden ships were found buried under the sand at Abydos, approximately eight miles from the Nile river."

*Trivia: "At least two large high-prowed sea-going vessels were discovered buried [in pits] beside the Great Pyramid in Egypt. One of the pits, although still sealed, had been investigated with fiber-optic cameras and was found to contain a vessel more than 100 feet long. In the other pit was an even larger vessel, a full 141 feet in length. Made of cedarwood, the ship was still in perfect condition 4,500 years after it had been built. With a displacement of around 40 tons, it's design was particularly thought-provoking, with a prow and stern soaring higher than in a Viking ship."

3,000 B.C. - Archaic Indians / Newfoundland - "More than 5,000 years ago, this barren, sea-lashed coast [Labrador & Newfoundland] was home to the Maritime Archaic Indians [MAI], who hunted and fished the coasts of Labrador and Newfoundland for more than 2,000 years. The first evidence of the Maritime Archaic culture was discovered more than 30 years ago when James A. Tuck of Memorial University of Newfoundland excavated 56 elaborate burials exposed during housing construction on a small promontory at Port au Choix, on the Gulf of St. Lawrence just south of the Strait of Belle Isle. Buried between 4,400 and 3,300 B.P., the dead - along with offerings of tools, animal bones, carved animal effigies, and small, white quartz pebbles - were covered in red ochre, earning them the moniker the 'Red Paint People.' Tool kits contained woodworking implements for building dwellings and watercraft; finely wrought bone and ivory fishhooks, harpoons, and harpoon heads, bone foreshafts; and long, narrow ground slate lances for hunting whale and walrus; and fragments of fish spears, all of which pointed to a lifeway dependent on the deep sea."

3,000 B.C. - Maize Cultivation / Mesoamerica - "Evidence of maize cultivation in Mesoamerica." [Based on: Compact History Of The World, edited by Geoffrey Parker, copyright 2003, p. 16] - [First published by Times Books (as The Times Compact Atlas of World History) 1995 - updated and reprinted 2002]

3,000 B.C.

2,953 B.C. - Trivia / I Ching - "The I Ching, or Book of Changes, is the most widely read of the five Chinese Classics. The book was traditionally written by the legendary Chinese Emperor Fu Hsi [2,953-2,838 B.C.]. It is possible that the the I Ching originated from a prehistoric divination technique which dates back as far as 5,000 B.C. Futher commentaries were added by King Wen and the Duke of Chou in the eleventh century B.C."

2,900 B.C. - Trivia / Sumerian King Lists - "On Sumerian clay tablets dated around 2,900-2,800 B.C. found in Fara, Semitic [Akkadian] names are attested for the first time. It concerns the names of kings in the city of Kish. Kish is in the north of Babylonia where according to the Sumerian King Lists 'kingship descended again from heaven' after the great flood." [Link: 1]

2,890 B.C. - Trivia / Second Egyptian Dynasty - "A traditional date for the beginning of  the Second Egyptian Dynasty [2,890 B.C.-2,650 B.C.]. The fifth king of the 2nd Dynasty, Khasekhemwy ['The Two Powerful Ones Appear'], was probably responsible for the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. As he ascended the throne he had to put down a Northern rebellion. The rebels reached as far south as Nekheb and Nekhen, the ancient southern capital. His victory is described on two statues. Both portraits show the king with northerners cringing at his feet wearing the White Crown symbolizing the South. It is recorded that there were more than 47,000 casualties. A statue of him, which resides in the Cairo Museum, is the first example of the use of hard stone. He married Nemathap, a woman of royal Northern lineage. The marriage consolidated the kings rule in both regions. Nemathap is documented as being a 'King Bearing Mother'. She is also credited with being the ancestor of the 3rd Dynasty." [Links: 1, 2]

2,863 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction -

2,800 B.C. - Trivia / Avebury - "Avebury, constructed between 2,800 and 2,700 B.C., includes the world's largest stone circle [1,401 feet in diameter], numerous barrows, and the 130-foot-tall Silbury Hill, the largest man-made mound in Europe. Silbury Hill, located just south of the village of Avebury in Wiltshire, is a massive artificial mound with a flat top. Silbury Hill is the tallest man-made prehistoric mound in Europe. It was built in three stages, the first believed to have begun around 2,660 B.C." [Links: 1, 2]

*Trivia: "Stonehenge was for a long while thought to have been built slowly - over about 1000 years between 2,100 and 1,100 BC. This chronology was called into question in 1996 by new archaeological evidence. Following a two-year study commisioned by the English Heritage Foundation, researchers concluded that the great circles of blustones and sarsens had in fact been put up between 2,600 BC and 2,030 BC. Less than a year after these results were published another study showed that the stone circles had been preceded by wooden circles of 6-metre pine 'totem poles' dated to 8,000 B.C. [Based on: by Graham Hancock and Santha Faiia, Heaven's Mirror, Quest For The Lost Civilization, p. xiii]

2,800 B.C.

2,799 B.C. - Configuration - "Uranus-Neptune Conjunction - Note: "This date represents a progressive estimation arrived at by subtracting multiples of 171 years from the date 576 B.C." [E.M.]

2,772 B.C. - Egyptian Calendar - "Reportedly, the date in Egypt when the 365 day calendar was introduced."

2,752 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction -

2. Baktun 1. Baktun of the Pyramid. 3718-2324 B.C. 1.0.0.0.0

Construction/activation of Great Pyramid at Giza, Egypt, 2700-2600 B.C., marks anchoring of planet light body. Spread of Sumerian civilization, Akkad and Ur, and development of bronze. Beginning of Harappa, Indus civilization. Beginning of settled agricultural life, China, Mesoamerica, Andes.

[Based on: The Mayan Factor / Path Beyond Technology, by Jose Arguelles, Copyright 1939-, 1987, p. 114]

2,700 B.C. - Gilgamesh Rules Uruk - "A reported date when the Sumerian King, Gilgamesh, ruled the city of Uruk."

2,700 B.C.

2,698 B.C.  - Chinese Calendar - "Reported date for the beginning of the Chinese calendar. Other dates associated with the beginning of the Chinese calendar include: 2,637 B.C." [Link: 1]

2,686 B.C. - Trivia / Third Egyptian Dynasty - "A Traditional date for the beginning of  the Third Egyptian Dynasty [2,686 B.C.-2,575 B.C.]. According to popular history, the Pharaohs of the Third Dynasty were the first to have actual pyramids constructed as shrines to their deaths. Although crude, these step pyramids were the predecessors to the later Pyramids of Giza and others. The first of these pyramids was designed by Imhotep for Dzoser. Prior to, and during the construction of the step pyramids, rulers were buried in a structure called Mastaba. The Mastaba were non-pyramidal shaped structures which did not contain walls or stone art and closely resembled burial mounds, with long shafts leading down into the tomb area. Sanakhte and Dzoser, the first two Pharaohs of this Dynasty, began exploitation of the Sinai Peninsula, which was rich in turquoise and copper. Little else was done by the kings during this dynasty." [Link: 1]

2,650 B.C. - Trivia / Step Pyramid, Egypt - "According to some reports, the Step Pyramid [reportedly built as a tribute to Zoser's greatness] is the oldest human-made structure in the world today. Zoser's Step Pyramid at Saqqara was an imposing edifice [200 feet tall], but it was built with relatively small, manageable blocks that five or six men working together could carry, and its internal chambers were structurally unsound." [Note: Since Carbon 14 dating measures the age of organic materials only, nearly all of the stone ruins [composed of inorganic rock] have not been Carbon 14 dated. Rather, what have been Carbon 14 dated are so many organic materials lying with, next to, or around those stone ruins." [Link: 1]

2,649 B.C. - Died / Zoser - "Reportedly died this date in history: Egyptian pharaoh Zoser [Dzoser]." [A&E Channel, 10/31/04]."

2,609 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction -

2,600 B.C. - Trivia / "Heaven's Mirror" - "There is no doubt that the Pyramids of Giza, the best known of all the Egyptian monuments, have a strong connection to the epoch 2,600 to 2,300 BC, the same dates as Stonehenge. There is also no doubt that they show many signs of a far earlier genesis - again like Stonehenge. Indeed, the same geometrical and astronomical concerns that the megaliths express, linked to the same quest for immortality [and frequently to the number 72], are found not only in Egypt but in a great band of cultures encircling the globe and extending back in time to the remotest antiquity." [Based on: Heaven's Mirror, Quest For The Lost Civilization, Graham Hancock and Santha Faiia, p. xvi]

2,600 B.C. - Trivia / Indus Valley Script - "Reportedly, the Indus Valley Civilization was the first major urban culture of South Asia. It reached its peak from 2,600 B.C. to 1,900 B.C." [Link: 1]

2,600 B.C. - Stone Structures / Caral Peru - "The ancient Peruvian site of Caral may have been one of the first urban centers in the Americas, thriving more than a thousand years before other known cities, according to a study in the April 27, 2001 issue of the international journal Science. New radiocarbon dating analysis indicates that Caral's immense stone structures were built between 2,600 and 2,000 B.C."

*Trivia: "Six earth-and-rock mounds rise out of the windswept desert of the Supe Valley near the coast of Peru. Dunelike and immense, they appear to be nature's handiwork, forlorn outposts in an arid region squeezed between the Pacific Ocean and the folds of the Andean Cordillera. But looks deceive. These are human-made pyramids, and compelling new evidence indicates they are the remains of a city that flourished nearly 5,000 years ago. If true, it would be the oldest urban center in the Americas and among the most ancient in all the world. [....]" [Based on: Smithsonian Magazine, August, 2004]    

2,600  B.C. - Trivia / Neolithic Village, Britain - January 31st, 2007: "Ancient town [at the site known as Durrington Walls] found [summer 2006] at Stonehenge [The archaeologists announced Tuesday (01/30/07) that the 4,600-year-old ruins appear to form the largest Neolithic village ever found in Britain.]" [Based on: Title for New York Times article, p. A8, S.L.P.D., 01/31/07]

2,600 B.C.

2,575 B.C. - Trivia / Fourth Egyptian Dynasty - "A traditional date for the beginning of the Egyptian Old Kingdom [2,575 B.C.- 2,134 B.C.] period, or the Fourth Egyptian Dynasty [2,575 B.C.- 2,551 B.C.]. Unlike the pyramids before [3rd Dynasty] and after [5th and 6th Dynasties], the pyramids at Giza [attributed to the 4th Dynasty] were wonderfully well made and have endured the passage of thousands of years more or less intact. For this very reason scholars are beginning to see the light - that these structures may in fact be tens of thousands of years older than previously expected." [Link: 1]

2,551 B.C. - Pharoah Khufu / Egypt - "Reported date when Khufu succeeded his father Sneferu. Khufu was believed to have built the Great Pyramid in Egypt." [Based on: A&E Movie, 10/31/04]

2,550 B.C. - Neptune-Pluto Conjunction -  

2,540 B.C. - Trivia / Egyptian Sphinx -  "The Sphinx is supposed to have been built by Khafre around 2,500 B.C., but since the beginning of dynastic times - say 3,000 B.C. onwards - there just hasn't been enough rain on the Giza plateau to have caused the very extensive erosion that we see all overe the Sphinx's body. You really have to go back to before 10,000 B.C. to find a wet enough climate in Egypt to account for weathering of this type and on this scale. It therefore follows that the Sphinx must have been built before 10,000 B.C. and since it's a massive, sophisticated work of art it also follows that it must have been built by a high civilization." [Links: 1, 2]

2,530 B.C. - Trivia / Great Pyramid, Egypt - "According to popular history, this was the date when King Khufu [Cheops] completed construction of the Great Pyramid at Giza. At its uppermost point the whole structure reached a height of 481 feet. According to another report, the Giza pyramids were already ancient at the time of Khufu's restoration. On a scale of 1:43,200 the Great Pyramid serves as a model, and map projection, of the northern hemisphere of the earth. During all the centuries of darkness experienced by Western civilization when knowledge of our planet's dimensions was lost to us, all we ever needed to do to rediscover that knowledge was to measure the height and base perimeter of the great Pyramid and multiply by 43,200." [Link: 1]

*Trivia: "There is little history at all describing the builder of the Great Pyramid in Egypt." [Based on: A&E Movie, 10/31/04]

2,500 B.C.

2,500 B.C. - Destruction / Gezer - "The site was destroyed approximately in the 25th century, based on finds of Khirbet Kerak ware." [Link: 1]

2,500 B.C. - Walled City? / India - "In India excavations in 2,000 A.D. revealed a walled city  of the middle 3rd millennium at the Dholavira site in Gujarat state."

2,500 B.C. - Bronze Age / Canaan  - "A traditional date when the Bronze age reached Canaan."

2,500 BC - Clava Cairns / Scotland - "Neolithic tombs in Northern Scotland." [Link: 1]

2,500 B.C. - Troy II  Settlement / Turkey - "Troy II, the second oldest discernible settlement on the site of the mound of Hissarlik in northwest Turkey, a good 1,200 years before the estimated date of the Trojan War."

2,500 B.C. - Established Cities / Assyria -  "In 1932, Sir Max Mallowan, the eminent British archaeologist, dug a deep sounding which reached virgin soil ninety feet below the top of the mound of Nineveh; this gave a pottery sequence back to prehistoric times and showed that the site was already inhabited by 5,000 B.C. Very soon after that, the two other great Assyrian cities were settled, Ashur and Arbel, although an exact date has yet to be determined. Arbel is the oldest extant city, and remains largely unexcavated, its archaeological treasures waiting to be discovered. The same holds for Ashur. It is clear that by 2,500 B.C., these three cities were well established and were thriving metropoli." [Links: 1, 2, 3]

2,500 B.C. - Trivia / Chinese Pyramids - "Hartwig Hausdorf, a researcher in Germany, sent over these photographs from his collection, taken during his 1994 trip to the Forbidden Zone in The Shensi Province in China. Estimates for an age are 4,500 years old, but Hausdorf mentions the diaries of two Australian traders who, in 1912, met an old Buddhist monk who told them these pyramids are mentioned in the 5,000 year old records of his monastery as being 'very old'." [Link: 1]

2,496 B.C. - Trivia / Utah Villiages - "Archaeologists led reporters into a remote canyon Wednesday [06/30/04] to reveal an almost perfectly preserved picture of ancient life: stone pit houses, granaries and a bounty of artifacts kept secret for more than a half century [since about 1950]. [....] Archaeologists said the villiages were occupied more than 1,000 years ago and may be as old as 4,500 years. [....] Hundreds of granaries, ranging from cupboard-sized to several yards across, are in some cases hundreds of feet up nearly inaccessible cliffs. [....] Waldo Wilcox, the rancher who sold the land and returned Wednesday [06/30/04], kept the archaeological sites a closely guarded secret for more than 50 years." [Based on: article by Paul Foy, A.P., 07/01/04]

*Trivia: "Hidden deep inside Utah's nearly inaccessible Book Cliffs region, 130 miles from Salt Lake City, the prehistoric villages run for 12 miles and include hundreds of rock art panels, cliffside granaries, stone houses built halfway underground, rock shelters, and the mummified remains of long-ago inhabitants. The site was occupied for at least 3,000 years until it was abandoned more than 1,000 years ago, when the Fremont people mysteriously vanished. [....] The secret is coming to light after the federal and state governments paid Wilcox $2.5 million for the 4,200-acre ranch, which is surrounded by wilderness study lands. The state took ownership this year but has not decided how to control public access. [....] Metcalfe said a team of researchers has documented about 200 pristine sites occupied as long as 4,500 years ago, 'and we've only looked in a few places.' [....] Archaeologists think the sites may have been occupied as long as 7,000 years ago; they could shed light on the earliest inhabitants of North America, who are believed to have arrived by way of the Bering Strait 10,000 years ago. [....] 'I didn't let people go in there to destroy it,' said Wilcox, whose parents bought the ranch in 1951 and threw up a gate to the rugged canyon. 'The less people know about this, the better.' Over the years, Wilcox occasionally welcomed archaeologists to inspect part of the canyon, 'but we'd watch 'em.' When one Kent State researcher used a pick ax to take a pigment sample from a pictograph, Wilcox 'took the pick from him and took him out of the gate.' [....] He [Wilcox] said he gave up the land after the San Francisco-based Trust for Public Land, which transferred the ranch to public ownership, promised to protect it. [....] Archaeologists didn't realize the full significance of Range Creek until 2002. While many structures are standing or visible, others could be buried. Archaeologists have not done any excavations, simply because 'we have too big a task just to document' sites in plain view, Jones said. After The Associated Press started inquiring, Metcalfe decided to hasten an announcement. Next week, he plans to take news organizations to the ranch, 30 miles off the nearest paved highway over rough, mountainous terrain. A gate inside Range Creek Canyon blocks access; a dirt road continues from there about 14 miles down the canyon to a ranch house, now a hub of archaeological activity." [Based on: article by Paul Foy, A.P., 06/25/2004]

2,465 B.C. - Fifth Egyptian Dynasty - "Traditional date for the beginning of the Fifth Egyptian Dynasty [2,465 B.C.- 2,325 B.C.]."  [Link: 1]

2,450 B.C. - Akkadian Inscriptions - "Reportedly, the earliest Akkadian cuneiform inscriptions date from the Old Akkadian or Early Akkadian period [2,450 to 1,850 B.C.], during which the inscriptions of Sargon were written. Since the Akkadian records start around the middle of the third millennium B.C., the formation of the Akkadian language in linguistic alliance with Indo-Europeans in Anatolia must have taken place still earlier. The western connections of the Akkad Dynasty are indicated in yet other ways. Only one western God, Dagan, obtained an important place in the old Mesopotamian pantheon, and he significantly is the patron god of the Akkad dynasty. This western god appears in the Linear A tablets of Hagia Triada; he is Baal's father according to the Epic of Kret from Ugarit; and he is chief god of the Biblical Plilistines.' Dagan was popularly depicted with the head and hands of a man, and the body and tail of a fish."

2,400 B.C.

2,400 B.C. - Walled City / Gezer - "The site was a Canaanite walled city. A 6 foot high wall, made of small uncarved stones was found from this time." [Link: 1]

2,375 B.C. - Lugalzaggisi / Sumeria - "Reportedly, after 2,375 B.C., Lugalzaggisi took over the cities of Kish and Lagash."

2,355 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction -

2,350 B.C. - Akkad Dynasty - According to popular belief: "In the 24th century B.C., a new dynasty got hold of Mesopotamia. Sargon, of the city of Akkad, established a Semitic Empire that reached out into the Mediterranian. From his time on, southern Mesopotamia came to be known as Sumer and Akkad; Sumer designating the more Sumerian south, and Akkad the more Semitic north. His success marked a turning point in history. From his time down to the present, Mesopotamia became a predominately Semitic land. Sargon claimed dominion over the entire world; a concept that has plagued mankind ever since." [Links: 1]

*Trivia: "Reportedly, 'By 2,350 B.C. all of Sumeria was under the control of Lugalzaggasi.' "

2,350 B.C. - Trivia / Cythera - "According to one report: 'Cythera began to attract foreigners as early as the Pyramid age. A stone cup, with the name of a Fifth Dynasty solar temple [sp-r] inscribed in Egyptian hieroglyphs, has been found on Cythera.  Early in the second quarter of the second millennium, a Babylonian inscription of Naram-Sin, King of Eshnunna, was dedicated on Cythera 'for the life' of that Mesopotamian monarch. The interesting thing is that both of these texts found on Cythera are religious in character. Herodotus [1:105] relates that the Phoenicians erected a temple on Cythera to the goddess of the heavens. Finally in classical times, Cythera was a great center of the cult of Aphrodite. The ancient temples were built in the vicinity of Palaiopolis around the middle of the eastern shore.' Today, Cythera is a small island situated at the northeastern edge of the Mediterranian Sea. "

2,348 B.C. - Noah's Flood? - "As mentioned, the standard reckoning for the Flood is 2,348 BC, as given by Archbishop Ussher. But the fact is that there was no possible way prior to the 1920's for Ussher or anyone else to have known the date of the Flood - nor even if there actually was a flood in the region. Not for nearly three centuries after Ussher's lifetime did any noteworthy archaeological excavations begin in Mesopotamia." [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Genesis Of The Grail Kings]

*Trivia: "The Flood was chronologically moved in Genesis to the time of Noah, whereas it actually occured before the time of Adam." [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Genesis Of The Grail Kings, p. 60]

2,340 B.C. - United / Sumer & Akkad - "Sargon of Agade [the leading city of Akkad] defeats Lugalzaggisi and gains control of Kish and later unites all of Sumer and Akkad. Sargon of Agade has been called the first great conqueror of history."

3. Baktun 2. Baktun of the Wheel. 2324-1930 B.C. 2.0.0.0.0

Full establishment of wheel, initiation of transport technology and cyclical thought, written codes of law, and metallurgical technology in Mesopotamia. Sargon and first Babylonian empire. Beginnings of chariot warfare, territorial imperialism. Era of legendary emperors, China. Establishment of Minoan civilization, Crete.

[Based on: The Mayan Factor / Path Beyond Technology, by Jose Arguelles, Copyright 1939-, 1987, p. 114]

2,323 B.C. - Sixth Egyptian Dynasty - "Traditional date for the beginning of the Sixth Egyptian Dynasty [2,323 B.C.-2,152 B.C.]. Manetho considered Teti as the founder of a new dynasty, a tradition which may go back at least as far as the composition of the Turin King-list, where Teti is listed as the first of a new group of kings. His wife, Queen Ipwet, is the daughter of King Unas who was the last king of the 5th Dynasty. She was the mother of Teti's heir, King Pepi I. Historians believe that she is the one that gave him the royal power. Almost all the major court officials of King Wenis remained in power during Teti's reign." [Link: 1]

2,320 B.C. - Sargon Rules Sumeria - "Sargon conquered the independent city-states of Sumer and instituted a central government."

2,308 B.C. - Sumerian Sky Chart - "Reportedly, in 2,308 B.C. the Sumerians developed their equivalent of the 11:57 pm July 3rd 14,000 B.C. sky chart and Narmer Plate combined. It comes in the form of a royal cylinder-seal depicting 'The Sun is Risen'. The purpose of the seal is to celebrate the Dawn of the Age of Aries." [Link: 1]

2,300 B.C.

2,300 B.C. - British Archer / Stonehenge - "A 4,000-year-old grave found near Stonehenge contains the remains of an archer and a trove of artifacts that make it one of the richest early Bronze Age sites in Europe. The burial, in about 2,300 B.C., occurred at 'the very brink of the Bronze Age,' where Neolithic and metal-using societies met, said one report. About 100 objects were found in the grave three miles east of Stonehenge, which is about 75 miles southwest of London. The grave was found May 3, 2002 A.D."

2,300 B.C. - Phoenicians  / Levantine Coast - "Phoenicians, a seafaring people, began living along the Levantine coast."

2,300 B.C. - Cultural Exchange / Indus Valley & Mesopotamia - "Cultural exchange between the Indus Valley civilization and Mesopotamia [present day Iraq] is especially prominent."

2,289 B.C. - Pepi I  Rules Egypt - "Traditional date when Pepi I ruled in Egypt 2,289 - 2255 B.C."

2,279 B.C. - Fatality / Sargon of Agade -  "According to popular history, Sargon of Agade died in 2,279 B.C."

2,254 B.C. - Naramsin  Rules Akkad - "Traditional date when Sargon's grandson, Naramsin, reigned 2,254 - 2,218 B.C. Reportedly: 'Kings of the Akkad Dynasty, notably Naram-Sin, often place the sign for divinity before their names, and are depicted in art as wearing the horned crown of godhood.' "

2,244 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction -

2,220 B.C. - Temple of the Fox / Peru - "[....] Benfer [Robert Benfer] and his team uncovered the 33-foot stepped pyramid temple, the temple of the Fox, in a 20-acre excavation site at Buena Vista, Peru. He says the temple dates to 2220 B.C. - which makes it 1,000 years older than anything of its kind previously found, he said. [....] Benfer worked with a team of Peruvian archaeologists, including Bernardino Ojeda, and students from Peruvian universities and from the University of Missouri. [....] The physical orientation of the temple's offering chamber is slightly different from the rest of the temple, so that it is directly aligned with the rising sun on December 21, the date of the Southern Hemisphere's summer solstice. That's when floodwater rose from the nearby Chillon River and crops should have been planted. Looking to the west, the chamber directly aligns with a natural platform over which the sun sets on June 21, marking the beginning of the harvest. At the same point in the west, people living 4,000 years ago would have observed the rising of the star constellation the Fox on March 21, when floodwater receded. [....] The Temple of the Fox is named for the etching of a fox found at the temple's entrance. In Andean cultures, the fox is associated with water. [....] It almost never rains at Buena Vista, Benfer said, so the remains found in the excavation site are in fairly good shape. They found twigs and pieces of cotton that they radio carbon-dated and found to be 4,000 years old, he said. Benfer began teaching at the University of Missouri in 1969. He retired in 2003 but continues to work with graduate students. He has been working in Peru since the 1970s, traveling there nearly every year - sometimes more than once. He has been working at the Buena Vista site for four years and discovered the Temple of the Fox in June 2004. [....]" [Based on: Article (Temple may be oldest to date / Retired UM prof says alignments suggest astronomical signs guided early Andeans farming.), p. A1 & A6, S.L.P.D., 04/25/06]

2,200 B.C. - Equinox at Aries -  "The advent of the Age of Aries, shortly before the beginning of the second millennium B.C., was accompanied in Ancient Egypt by an upsurge in the worship of the god Amon whose symbol was a ram with curled horns. Work on the principal sanctuary of Amon - the Temple of Karnak at Luxor in upper Egypt - was begun at around 2,000 B.C. and, as those who have visited the temple will recall, its principal icons are rams, long rows of which guard its entrances. The period of a complete cycle of the vernal point around the celestial sphere is approximately 25,800 years. In other words, after 25,800 years, the vernal point is back at the starting point or fiduciary vernal point [zero degrees sidereal Aries]. For the same reason that astrologers have allowed for twelve signs as the sun passes through its annual orbit, this 25,800 years cycle is also divided into twelve signs, with each of these twelve signs averaging some 2,150 years each."

2,200 B.C. - Indo-European Invaders? / Greece - "Reportedly, 'In Greece Indo-European invaders, speaking the earliest form of Greek, entered the mainland.' "

*Trivia: "The country of Greece has been inhabited since 70,000 B.C." [Based on: The History Channel, 2004]

2,200 B.C.

2,194 B.C. - Tropical "Stonehenge" / Lima, Peru - [....] Last month [May 2006], archaeologists working on a hillside north of Lima, Peru, announced the discovery of the oldest astronomical observatory in the Western Hemisphere - giant stone carvings, apparently 4,200 years old, that align with sunrise and sunset on Dec. 21. [....]" [Based on: A.P. article (Amazon stones hint at lost civilization), p. A11, S.L.P.D., 06/28/06]  

2,180 B.C. - End / Akkad Empire - "According to popular history, the Akkadian empire came to an end about this time, less than 40 years after the death of Naramsin." [Link: 1]

2,152 B.C. - 7th & 8th Egyptian Dynasties - "Traditional date for the Seventh and Eighth Egyptian Dynasties [2,152 B.C.-2,130 B.C.]." [Link: 1]

2,144 B.C. - Gudea Rules Sumeria - "Gudea of Lagash, a prominent Sumerian leader ruled from 2,144 -2,124 B.C."

2,137 B.C. - Eclipse - "Reported date [October 22nd, 2,137 B.C.] for the earliest recorded eclipse according to the Shu King, the book of historical documents of ancient China."

2,135 B.C. - 9th & 10th Egyptian Dynasties - "A traditional date for the Ninth and Tenth Egyptian Dynasties [2,135 B.C.-2,074 B.C.]."

2,125 B.C. - Trivia / Sumerian King Lists -  "Reportedly, 'From the Sumerian King Lists an important caesure becomes apparent, the great Flood or Deluge. Names and events are either antediluvial or post diluvial. In later epics the flood signals the end of mythological times, when things were formed, and inaugerates the beginning of historical times. About eight [in other versions ten] antediluvial kings are mentioned with their periods of government. Extremely large areas were attributed to the kings before the flood. Added together they would have ruled for 241,200 years. Composed centuries after the times they refer to, the Sumerian King Lists were copied by generations of scribes and standardized in the process until the cononical version appeared in Old Babylonian times with kings extending up to that period. Reportedly, the surviving clay tablet was dated by the scribe who wrote it in the reign of King Utukhegal of Erech [Uruk], which places it around 2,125 B.C. After kingship had descended from heaven, Eridu became the seat of kingship. In Eridu Aululim reigned 28,800 years as king. Alalgar reigned 36,000 years. Two kings, reigned 64,800 years. Eridu was abandoned and its kingship was carried off to Bad-tabira. . . . Total: Five Cities, eight kings, reigned 241,200 years. The FLOOD then swept over. After the Flood had swept over, and kingship had descended from heaven, Kish became the seat of Kingship. In Kish. [....] Total: twenty-three kings, reigned 24,510 years, 3 months, 3 1/2 days. Kish was defeated; its kingship was carried off to Eanna. In Eanna, Meskiaggasher, the son of [the sun god] Utu reigned as En [Priest] and Lugal [King] 324 years - Meskiaggasher entered the sea, ascended the mountains. Enmerkar, the son of Meskiaggasher, the king of erech who had built Erech, reigned 420 years as king. Lugalbanda, the shepherd, reigned 1,200 years. Dumuzi the fisherman, whose city was Kua, reigned 100 years. Gilgamesh, whose father was a nomad (?) reigned 126 years. Urnungal, the son of Gilgamesh, reigned 30 years. Labasher reigned 9 years. Ennundaranna reigned 8 years. Meshede reigned 36 years. Melamanna reigned 6 years. Lugalkidul reigned 36 years. Total: twelve kings, reigned 2,130 years. Erech was defeated, its kingship was carried off to Ur. [....]" [Link: 1]

2,115 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction -

2,101 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjuction -

2,100 B.C. - Egyptian Palestine - Reportedly: 'During The Middle Bronze Age, Palestine became a part of the Egyptian empire. This was around 2100 B.C.' "

2,100 B.C. - Amorites / Damascus - "According to one report, Amorites came from the Arabian peninsula and were the first important Semitic settlers in the area of Damascus. They established many small states." [Links: 1, 2, 3]

2,100 B.C.

2,095 B.C. - Golden Ornaments / Bulgaria - "Bulgarian archaeologists have unearthed [2005?] about 15,000 tiny golden pieces about 4,100 years old. Who made them isn't exactly known. The golden ornaments have been dug up during the past year from a tomb near the village of Dabene, about 75 miles east of the capital, Sofia, said Vasil Nikolov, an academic consultant on the excavations. He said the find rivaled that of the gold from Troy, the ancient city that was the scene of the Trojan War. 'This treasure is a bit older than Schliemann's finds in Troy, and contains much more golden ornaments,' Nikolov said. Heinrich Schliemann, an amateur German archaeologist, found the site of ancient Troy in 1868. He led ambitious excavations that proved he was right. The treasure from Bulgaria consists of miniature golden rings. Some are so finely crafted that the point where the ring is welded is invisible with an ordinary microscope. 'We don't know who these people were, but we call them proto-Thracians,' Nikolov said. [....] Bozhidar Dimitrov, director of the National History Museaum of Bulgaria, said the site consisted of a settlement and three mounds, and that excavations would continue. 'This is the oldest golden treasure ever found in Bulgaria after the Varna necropolis,' Dimitrov said. The golden artifacts from a vast burial complex discovered in the 1970s near the Black Sea port of Varna date back to the end of the fifth millennium B.C. and are internationally renowned as the world's oldest golden treasure." [Based on: A.P. article, p. A12, S.L.P.D., 08/18/05] - [Paragraph indents removed to save space - E.M.] 

2,074 B.C. - 11th Egyptian Dynasty  - "A traditional date for the Eleventh Egyptian Dynasty [2074 B.C.-2064 B.C.]." [Link: 1]

2,057 B.C. - Neptune-Pluto Conjunction - "Neptune-Pluto cycles last about 495 years - half a millennium. They characterise an underlying driving-force behind history, an undertow of reality which marries the inevitable ram-force of Pluto with the imaginal, ideational power of Neptune."

Note: "Neptune-Pluto configurations later than 600 B.C. represent estimated projections only - caluclated by subtracting alternating multiples of  493 years." [E.M.]

2,040 B.C. - Egyptian Middle Kingdom - "Traditional date for the beginning of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom  period 2,040 B.C.-1,640 B.C."

2,010 B.C. - Ur-nammu / Ur - "In the early 1900's, the builders of the Baghdad railway placed a station about 120 miles north of Basra because the landmarked site was a recognized travellers' rest. Here, an enormous solitary hill rose above the desert - a hill known to the Bedouins as Tell al Muqayyar [Mound of Pitch]. But some thousands of years ago this desert waste was a lush, fertile valley with cornfields and date groves. As was soon to be discovered, within this great mound was the towering multi-levelled Temple of Ur, along with the rest of the ancient city.
   "In 1923 , the archaeologist Sir Charles Leonard Wooley, with a joint team from the British Museum and the University of Pennsylvania, set out to excavate the mound because some years earlier a collection of very old texts, engraved on stone cylinders, had been unearthed near the summit. One of these cylinder-seals [as they became known] had revealed the name of Ur-nammu, King of Ur in about 2,010 BC, and so it was determined that this was probably the location of Abraham's home." [Based on: Laurence Gardner, Genesis Of The Grail Kings]

2,000 B.C.

2,000 B.C. - Trivia / Incas - "Archaeologists have found evidence to show that the Incan culture grew out of a long slow development of civilization in the valley of Cusco and neighboring areas. The ancestors of the Incans lived in Peru as early as 2,000 B.C." [Links: 1, 2]

2,000 B.C. - Trivia / Baalbek - "Situated in the Bekaa Valley, it was dedicated to Baal, the Phoenician god of rain and sun. During the period of Roman rule, Alexander the Great, Pompey, Julius Caesar, Hadrian and Caracalla all had a hand at restoring Baalbek’s temples, which dated to the 2nd millennium B.C., and building new ones. In 748 the Arabs came and in 1,400, the Mongol chieftain, Tamerlane." 

2,000 B.C. - Trivia / Mithraism -

According to Persian mythology, Mithras was born of a virgin given the title 'Mother of God'. The name Mithras was the Persian word for 'contract.' Mithras was also known throughout Europe and Asia by the names Mithra, Mitra, Meitros, Mihr, Mehr, and Meher. The veneration of this God began about 4,000 years ago [2,000 B.C.] in Persia, where it was soon imbedded with Babylonian doctrines.

Mithraism apparently originated in the Eastern Mediterranean around the first or second centuries BC. It was practiced in the Roman Empire since the first century BC, and reached its apogee around the third through fourth centuries AD, when it was very popular among the Roman soldiers. Mithraism disappeared from overt practice after the Theodosian decree of AD 391 banned all pagan rites, and it apparently became extinct thereafter.

[....]

Roman worship of Mithras began sometime during the early Roman empire, perhaps during the late first century of the Common Era (hereafter CE), and flourished from the second through the fourth century BCE. during which it came under the influence of Greek and Roman mythologies. The Mithraic cult maintained secrecy. Its teaching were only reveled to initiates.

[....]

In every Mithraic temple, the place of honor was occupied by a representation of Mithras killing a sacred bull, called a tauroctony. It has been more recently proposed that the tauroctony is a symbolic representation of the constellations rather than an originally Iranian animal sacrifice scene (Ulansey, 1991).

[....]

The identification of an "age" with a particular zodiac constellation is based on the sun's position during the vernal equinox. Before 2000 BC, the Sun could have been seen against the stars of the constellation of Taurus at the time of vernal equinox [had there been an eclipse]. Due to the precession of the equinoxes, on average every 2,160 years the Sun appears against the stars of a new constellation at vernal equinox. The current astrological age started when the equinox precessed into the constellation of Pisces, in about the year 150 BC, with the "Age of Aquarius" starting in AD 2600.

[....]

[Based on: http://www.crystalinks.com/mithra.html]

2,000 B.C. - Xia Dynasty / China - "According to popular history, the Xia dynasty [2,000-1,500 B.C.] is believed to be the first prehistoric Chinese dynasty." [Link: 1]

2,000 B.C. - Trivia / Cappadocia - "The Hittites lived around what is now Cappadocia. They mixed with the already-settled Hatti and were followed by the Lydians, Phrygians, Byzantines, Romans and Greeks. The name Cappadocia comes from the Hittite for 'land of pretty horses'."

2,000 B.C. - Trivia / Gawra, Assyria - "At Gawra, Assyria, a prehistoric seal was found bearing the figure of a man, a woman, a tree and a serpent, and this city had ceased to exist by 2000 B.C." [Based on: Deceptions And Myths Of The Bible, Lloyd M. Grahm]

2,000 B.C. - End / Sumerian Dynasty - "After the last Sumerian dynasty fell around 2,000 B.C., Mesopotamia drifted into conflict and chaos for almost a century. It is quite likely that the Third Dynasty of Ur, in Sumer, established around 2,000 B.C. a number of colonies called Ur in tablets from Nuzu, Alalakh and Hattusa. The Ur of the Chaldees, where Abraham was born, seems to have been one of the northern Urs. After the collapse of the Ur Dynasty, the colony continued its commercial way of life under the new masters who took over." [Links: 1]

*Trivia: "Abraham's home, Ur of the Chaldees, was a prominent city of the Sumerian Empire, and contemporary texts record that Ur was sacked by the king of nearby Elam soon after 2,000 BC. Although the city was rebuilt, the center of power then moved north to Haran in the kingdom of Mari. This was the very city to which Terah took Abraham and the others. But Haran was not just the name of a flourishing city: it was also the name of Abraham's brother [the father of Lot], who had died before the family left Ur of the Chaldees [Genesis 11:27-28]. Other cities in northern Mesopotamia were also named in accordance with Abraham's forefathers, as discovered by archaeologists excavating the region from 1934. In studying the clay tablets of reports from governors and commissioners of the era, they found the names of Terah [Abraham's father], Nahor [Terah's father], Serug [Nahor's father], and Peleg [Serug's grandfather].
   "Clearly the patriarchs represented no ordinary family, but constituted a very powerful dynasty. But why would such a long-standing heritage of prominence and renown come to an abrupt end and force Abraham out of Mesopotamia into Canaan? A Sumerian text from 1960 BC [at about the time Terah moved his family from Ur to Haran] could well hold the initial key, for it states, 'The gods have abandoned us like migrating birds. Smoke lies on our cities like a shroud'."

*Trivia: "The family of the Hebrew patriarchs [Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob] is depicted in the Bible as having had its chief seat in the northern Mesopotamian town of Harran - then [mid-2nd millennium B.C.] belonging to the Hurrian kingdom of Mitanni. From there Abraham, the founder of the Hebrew people, is said to have migrated to Canaan [comprising roughly the region of modern Israel and Lebanon]. In Genesis 14, Abram [Abraham] is called a Hebrew [abrv] and is portrayed as a fighting prince. Reportedly, the initial level of Israelite culture resembled that of its surroundings; it was neither wholly original nor primitive. The tribal structure resembled that of West Semitic steppe dwellers known from the 18th-century-B.C. tablets excavated at the north central Mesopotamian city of Mari; their family customs and law have parallels in Old Babylonian and Hurro-Semite law of the early and middle 2nd millennium."

*Trivia: "Legends from Mecca indicate that the prophet Abraham built the Kaaba about this time. The Kaaba is a shrine meaning cube in Arabic, that enclosed the idols of their gods. Religious rituals were performed around the Kaaba which had a black stone embedded into a corner, said to be a gift to Abraham from the angel Gabriel for his belief in one god. By AD 500 more than 360 idols were housed within the Kaaba."

2,000 B.C. - Middle Kingdom / Egypt - "By the year 2,000 B.C. Egypt was reportedly just recovering from a period of feudalism in which both the economy and military power declined. At the opening of the 20th century B.C., Egypt had established a centralized government once again. This was the 'Middle Kingdom' under the rulers of the 12th Dynasty [as opposed to the 'Old Kingdom' of the pyramid-builders]."

2,000 B.C. - Trivia / Chinese Pyramids - "According to Childress [Lost Cities of China..., Adventures Unlimited 1991], China's Great Pyramid is said to be at least 4,000 years old, and likely much older. It is said that its sides were originally painted black on the North, blue-gray [or faded green] on the East, red on the South, white on the West, and yellow on the top Center platform." [Link: 1]

2,000 B.C. - Caucasian Mummies / China - "Cherchen Man [a six-foot tall male Caucasian dead for about 3,000 years and buried in non-native garments made of wool], along with dozens of other perfectly preserved mummies found in Turkestan, in western China, has stood archaeology on its ears. When the earliest of these Central Asian corpses, nestled into the sands of tarim basin, about 2,000 B.C. or a little after, the pyramids of Egypt had already stood for half a millennium, but the best known pharaohs, Ramesses II and King Tut were rather more than five hundred years into the future. Next door in Mesopotamia, the Sumerians were already dying out and Hammurabi was soon to set up his famous law code; the Greeks and Romans had not yet even arrived in Greece and Italy from the northeast. On the other hand, 'Ice Man,' the late Stone Age body found in 1991 by hikers in the Alps, had died well over a thousand years before."

2,000 B.C. - Trivia / Minoan Civilization - "Reportedly, 'Crete was the cradle of the Minoan Civilization, which spanned roughly from 2,000 B.C to 1,200 B.C. In addition to incredible frescoes, indoor plumbing (!), the Minoans also developed the first written system of Europe.' " [Links: 1]

4,000 B.C. - Trivia / Ancient Temple, Peru - "A 4,000-year-old temple filled with murals has been unearthed on the northern coast of Peru, making it one of the oldest finds in the Americas, a leading archaeologist said on Saturday.  [....]" It sits in the Lambayeque valley, near the ancient Sipan complex that Alva unearthed in the 1980s. Ventarron was built long before Sipan, about 2,000 years before Christ, he said. [NP] 'It's a temple that is about 4,000 years old,' Alva, director of the Museum Tumbas Reales (Royal Tombs) of Sipan, told Reuters by telephone after announcing the results of carbon dating at a ceremony north of Lima sponsored by Peru's government. [....]" [Based on: Reuters article (Temple built 4,000 years ago unearthed in Peru) by By Marco Aquino, 11/10/07]

*Links: http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20071111/sc_nm/peru_archaeology_dc
              http://en.epochtimes.com/news/7-11-11/61821.html

1,971 B.C. - Sesostris I Rules Egypt - "Sesostris I rules in Egypt."

1,958 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction -

1,953 B.C. - Planetary Conjunction - "The five visible planets - Saturn, Venus, Mercury, Mars, and Jupiter - were believed to be the ministers of Shangdi, the Lord on High. Their conjunction in the predawn sky of February 1,953 B.C. was thought to indicate Shangdi's conferral of the right to rule on the Xia Dynasty."

1,944 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction -

1,937 B.C. - 12th Egyptian Dynasty  - "A traditional date for the 12th Egyptian Dynasty  [1937 B.C.-1908 B.C.]." [Link: 1]

4. Baktun 3. Baktun of the Sacred Mountain. 1930-1536 B.C. 3.0.0.0.0

Middle and New Kingdom in Egypt; relocation of center to Sacred Mountain of the West, Valley of the Kings, marks decision of Egyptians to perpetuate dynastic rule, consolidates pattern of defensive territorialism as norm for civilized life. Waves of invaders - Hittites, Aryans; destruction of Minoan, Indus civilizations.

[Based on: The Mayan Factor / Path Beyond Technology, by Jose Arguelles, Copyright 1939-, 1987, p. 114]

1,900 B.C. - Enuma Elish - "A reported date for the writing of the Enuma Elish, the Babylonian Creation Myth. The 19th century was believed to be the time when Babylonia began compiling Old Sumerian history into epic form." [Link: 1]

1,900 B.C. - Amorites / Palestine - "Palestine was invaded by North Western Semites who came from Asia Minor, these Indo-Aryans nomadic desert tribes destroyed most of the cities in Palestine by 1900 B.C., they were a tall fair race they were called the Amorite [from the Babylonian word Amurru 'westerner']. The Amorites settled first in the Northern and the Eastern parts of Palestine then settled as Hill tribes in the South West of Palestine.  Egypt was invaded also by the desert nomadic tribes the Amorites who destroyed Palestine [Hyksos kingdom in Egypt]." [Link: 1]

1,900 B.C. - Melchizedek / Salem - "Reportedly, 'King Melchizedek ruled Salem before it became Jerusalem. He charged everybody in his domain a flat 10% tax.' "

1,900 B.C. - Amorites / Mesopotamia - Reportedly: "Around 1,900 B.C., a group of Semites - Canaanites - called the Amorites - had managed to gain control of most of the Mesopotamian region. Reportedly the Amorite name means 'the high one.' " [Links: 1, 2]

1,890 B.C. - Babylonian Era - "In its very oldest form, Marduk's story might be 1000 years older than the Genesis account, but it is distinctly Babylonian and the Babylonian era began in about 1890 BC. Prior to that was the Sumerian era from about 3800 BC to 1960 BC - the era of the kings of Eridu, Kish, Shuruppak, Larsa and Ur. It is within the records of ancient Sumer that Marduk's original prototype appears, and it is from these that we find the first account of Adam." [Based on: Genesis Of The Grail Kings, Laurence Gardner] [Link: 1]

1,878 B.C. - Sesostris III Rules Egypt - "Sesostris III rules [1878- 843 B.C.] in Egypt during the 12th Dynasty."

1,850 B.C. - Hebrew Settlement? / Canaan - "The Genesis account of Abraham and his immediate descendants may indicate that there were three main waves of early Hebrew settlement in Canaan, the modern Israel. One was associated with Abraham and Hebron and took place in about 1850 BCE. A second wave of immigration was linked with Abraham's grandson Jacob, who was renamed Israel ['May God show his strength!']; he settled in Shechem, which is now the Arab town of Nablus on the West bank. The Bible tells us that Jacob's sons, who became the ancestors of the twelve tribes of Israel, emigrated to Egypt during a sever famine in Canaan. The third wave of Hebrew  settlement occured in about 1200 BCE when tribes who claimed to be descendants of Abraham arrived in Canaan from Egypt. They said that they had been enslaved by the Egyptians but had been liberated by a deity called Yahweh, who was the god of their leader Moses. After they had forced their way into Canaan, they allied themselves with the Hebrews there and became known as the people of Israel. The Bible makes it clear that the people we know as the ancient Israelites were a confederation of various ethnic groups, bound together principally by their loyalty to Yahweh, the God of Moses. The biblical account was written down centuries later, however, in about the eigth century BCE, though it certainly drew on earlier narrative sources." [Based on: A History of God, Karen Armstrong, pp. 11-12]

1,847 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction -

1,800 B.C.

1,800 B.C. - Amorite Trivia / Babylon - "A tribe known as the Amorites, speaking a Semitic language, took over a small Akkadian town called Bab-ilum [Akkadian for 'Gate of God'] about 1,800 B.C., and made it their capital. It then entered a 1,500 year period of greatness. The later Greeks called it Babylon, and the region that had been thought of as Sumeria for 3,000 years came to be called Babylonia."

1,800 B.C. - Canaanite Influence / Avaris, Egypt - "An archaeological dig was undertaken by Manfred Bietak, of the University of Vienna at Tell ed-Daba, at a site in the eastern Nile delta identified as Avaris, the reported Hyksos capital. Excavations there show a gradual increase of Canaanite influence in the styles of pottery, architeture and tombs from around 1800 BCE."

1,785 B.C. - Rise of Nubian Empire / Egypt - "[....] This powerful dynasty [Nubian] rose just as Egypt's Middle Kingdom declined around 1785 B.C. By 1500 B.C. the Nubian empire stretched between the Second and Fifth Cataracts [Nile River]. [....]" [Based on: Article (AN IGNORED CHAPTER OF HISTORY TELLS OF A TIME WHEN KINGS FROM DEEP IN AFRICA CONQURED ANCIENT EGYPT / Black Pharaohs, by Robert Draper, N.G.M. (February 2008), p. 40]

1,783 B.C. - 13th Egyptian Dynasty  - "A traditionaldate for the 13th Egyptian Dynasty  [1783 B.C.-1640 B.C.]." [Link: 1]

1,773 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction -

1,760 B.C. - Gilgamesh Epic - "A reported date for the writing of the Gilgamesh Epic. Other dates associated with the writing of this epic include: 1,600 B.C. According to one translation, the Babylonian name for the Epic of Gilgamesh is 'He who Saw Everything.' " [Link: 1]

1,760 B.C. - Kassites / Babylon - "In Babylonia, about 1,760 B.C., the Kassites who conquered the land from western Iran, had a god written down as 'Suriias' - the Indo-Iranian, Suryas."

1,749 B.C. - Shamshi-Adad I Rules Assyria - "Shamshi-Adad I rules [1749-1717 B.C.] in Assyria."

1,728 B.C. - Hammurabi  Rules Babylon - "Hammurabi becomes king of Babylon, spreads his rule over all of Babylonia, and develops code of laws."

1,720 B.C. - Joseph / Egypt - "It is traditionally presumed that Joseph was sold into slavery in Egypt in the 1720's BC and was made Governor by the Pharaoh a decade or so later. Afterwards, his father Jacob [whose name was later changed to Israel] and seventy family members followed him into Goshen to escape the famine in Canaan. Notwithstanding this, Genesis 47:11, Exodus 1:11 and Numbers 33:30 all refer to 'the land of Ramesses' [Egyptian: 'the house of Ramesses'] - but this was a complex of grain storehouses built by the Israelites for Ramesses II in Goshen some 300 years after they were supposedly there!" [Based on: The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman]

1,704 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction -

1,700 B.C.

1,700 B.C. - Cities / Nubia - "Nubia, known as the Kingdom of Kush in the Bible. By this time the Nubians have established sizable cities with a class society of workers, farmers, priests, soldiers bureaucrats and an aristocracy with technological and cultural skills on a level with other advanced civilizations of their day."

1,700 B.C. - Proto-Canaanite - "According to reports: Proto-Canaanite, also known as Proto-Sinaitic, was the first consonantal alphabet. Even a quick and cursory glance at its inventory of signs makes it very apparent of this script's Egyptian origin. It is thought that at around 1,700 BCE, Sinai was conquered by Egypt [for its turquoise mines and trade routes]. Egyptian influence must have poured into the local West-Semitic speaking population, who, among other things, adopted a small number of hieroglyphic signs [probably no more than 22] to write down their language. In the Old Testament, the Hebrews never call their language 'Hebrew' or 'Israelite,' but quite correctly 'the language of Canaan.' " [Link: 1]

1,700 B.C. - Earthquakes / Crete - "Knossos [Crete] was first destroyed by an earthquake. Mycenae, the great city of the Peloponnesus, was another earthquake victim about this time."

1,700 B.C. - Shang Dynasty / China - "The Shang dynasty [1700-1027 B.C.] [also called the Yin dynasty in its later stages] is believed to have been founded by a rebel leader who overthrew the last Xia ruler."

1,700 B.C. - Aryan Invasion? / Indus Valley - "In the seventeenth century BCE, Aryans from what is now Iran had invaded the Indus valley and subdued the indigenous population. They had imposed their religious ideas, which we find expressed in the collection of odes known as the Rig-Veda. There we find a multitude of Gods, expressing many of the same values as the deities of the Middle East presenting the forces of nature as instinct with power, life and personality." [Based on: A History of God, Karen Armstrong, p. 28]

1,700 B.C. - Trivia / New Year Festival, Babylon - "Like other people in the ancient world, the Babylonians attributed their cultural achievements to the gods, who had revealed their own lifestyle to their mythical ancestors. Thus Babylon itself was supposed to be an image of heaven, with each of its temples a replica of a celestial palace. This link with the divine world was celebrated and perpetuated annually in the great New Year Festival, which had been firmly established by the seventeenth century BCE. Celebrated in the holy city of Babylon during the month of Nisan - our April - the Festival solemnly enthroned the king and established his reign for another year. Yet this political stability could only endure insofar as it participated in the more enduring and effective government of the gods, who had brought order out of chaos when they had created the world. The eleven sacred days of the Festival thus projected the participants outside profane time and into the sacred eternal world of the gods by means of ritual gestures. A scapegoat was killed to cancel the old, dying year; the public humiliation of the king and the enthronement of a carnival king in his place reproduced the original chaos; a mock battle reenacted the struggle of the gods against the forces of destruction.
   "These symbolic actions thus had a sacramental value; they enabled the people of Babylon to immerse themselves in the sacred power of mana on which their own great civilization depended. Culture was felt to be a fragile achievement, which could always fall pray to the forces of disorder and disintegration. On the afternoon of the fourth day of the Festival, priests and choristers filed into the Holy of Holies to recite the Enuma Elish, the epic poem whic celebrated the victory of the gods over chaos. The story was not a factual account of the physical origins of life upon earth, but was a deliberately symbolic attempt to suggest a great mystery and to release its sacred power." [Based on: A History of God, Karen Armstrong, pp. 6-7]

1,680 B.C. - Labarnas I Rules Hatti - "Labarnas I rules the kingdom of Hatti from 1,680-1,650 B.C." [Link: 1]

1,670 B.C. - Hyksos Invasion? / Egypt - "Manetho described a massive, brutal invasion of Egypt by foreigners from the east, whom he called Hyksos, an enigmatic Greek form of an Egyptian word that he translated as 'shepard kings' but that actually means 'rulers of foreign lands.' Manetho reported that the Hyksos established themselves in the delta at a city named Avaris. And they founded a dynasty there that ruled Egypt with great cruelty for more than 500 years. In the early years of modern research, scholars identified the Hyksos with the kings of the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt, who ruled from about 1670 to 1570 BCE. The early scholars accepted Mantheo's report quite literally and sought evidence for a powerful foreign nation or ethnic group that came from afar to invade and conquer Egypt. Subsequent studies showed that inscriptions and seals bearing the names of Hyksos rulers were West Semitic - in other words, Canaanite. Recent archaeological excavations in the eastern Nile delta have confirmed that conclusion and indicate that the Hyksos 'invasion' was a gradual process of immigration from Canaan to Egypt, rather than a lightning military campaign." [Based on: Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthedpp. 54-55.] [Link: 1] 

1,650 B.C. - Israelites? / Egypt  - "According to one report, this was the time when the Israelites were in Egypt [Jacob, Joseph]."

1,640 B.C. - 14th Egyptian Dynasty - "1640 B.C. - 1540 B.C. encompasses the 14th, 15th, 16th, and 17th Egyptian Dynasties." [Link: 1]

1,628 B.C. - Volcanic Eruption / Thera  - "New data about climatically-effective volcanic eruptions during the past several thousand years may be contained in frost-damage zones in the annual rings of [pine] trees. There is good agreement in the timing of frost events and recent eruptions, and the damage can be plausibly linked to climatic effects of stratospheric aerosol veils on hemispheric and global scales. The cataclysmic proto-historic eruption of Santorini [Thera], in the Aegean, is tentatively dated to 1,628-1,626 B.C. from frost-ring evidence. Other dates attributed to the eruption of Thera include: 1,645, 1,503, and 1,470 B.C."

1,602 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction -

1,600 B.C.

1,600 B.C. - Hellens / Greece - "By 1,600 B.C., invading tribes from the north invaded the land we now call Greece, and they were the people we call Greeks [They themselves called the land Hellas, and themselves Hellenes. The name 'Greece' was first used by the Romans]." [Link: 1]

*Trivia: "The country of Greece has been inhabited since 70,000 B.C." [Based on: The History Channel, 2004]

1,600 B.C. - Early Vedic Period - "According to popular history, this was the beginning of the Early Vedic period [1,600-1,000 B.C.] of Indian civilization. Reportedly, the Vedas have been passed down through oral tradition for over 10,000 years, appearing in written form between 2,000 - 4,000 B.C."

1,600 B.C. - Hittite Civilization / Mesopotamia - "The Hittites Empire stretched from Mesopotamia to Syria and Palestine. Their invasion spelled the end of the Old Babylonian Empire in Mesopotamia. The Hittite civilization dominated Mesopotamia from 1,600 B.C. to 1,200 B.C. The Bible mentions the Hittites among the early inhabitants of Palestine, and that intermarriage between Hebrews and Hittites took place. Ezekiel 16:3 goes so far as to tell the Jerusalemites that they are a hybrid people; their father, so to speak, is Amorite, and their mother, Hittite." [Link: 1]

1,600 B.C. - Nebra Sky Disk / Mittelberg Germany - "The recent discovery of an astronomical artifact that is probably about 3600 years old just goes to show how little we really know about our ancestors. The location? Atop the Mittelberg, a 252m hill in the Ziegelroda Forest, 180km south-west of Berlin, in the German state of Saxony-Anhalt. The place of discovery, on the mountain's summit, has been compared to the Stonehenge ritual site in Britain. The artifact? Archaeologists are investigating a 32cm bronze-and-gold disc that maps 32 stars, including the Pleiades. The stars are shown as they appear in reference to a local mountain on the horizon, the Brocken. The Brocken is fabled in northern European mythology as the place where witches gather for a coven every April 3. The artifact was discovered within a pit inside a Bronze Age ringwall. The ringwall was built in such a way that the sun seemed to disappear every equinox behind the Brocken. Since the Mittelberg is near the German town of Nebra, the star map has been dubbed the 'Nebra Disc.' Experts believe the map and site formed an observatory, which was used to set the calendar for planting and harvesting crops. The nearby forest contains 1000 barrows or princely graves from the period. The identity of the Bronze Age people of Europe has been lost in the mists of time. They are not mentioned in ancient Greek or other Mediterranean sources. Only their hut sites, graves and treasures are left. It is impossible to guess the language they spoke." [Links: 1, 2]

1,595 B.C. - Kassite Domination / Babylon - "The Hittites captured Babylon and retreated. They left the city open to Kassite domination which lasted about 300 years. The Kassites maintained the Sumerian/Babylonian culture without innovations of their own."

1,593 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction -

1,570 B.C. - Hyksos Expulsion? / Egypt - "By 1,570 B.C., a century and a half after the Hyksos had made their appearance, the Egyptians, under Ahmose, who ruled from 1,570 - 1,546 B.C., drove them out of the land. The Egyptians followed them across the Sinai Peninsula and annexed Canaan, hoping it would serve as a buffer against future invasions." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 40]

*Trivia: "Manetho suggested that after the Hyksos were driven from Egypt, they founded the city of Jerusalem and constructed a temple there. Far more trustworthy is an Egyptian source of the sixteenth century B.C.E. that recounts the exploits of Pharoah Ahmose, of the Eighteenth Dynasty, who sacked Avaris and chased the remnants of the Hyksos to their main citadel in southern Canaan - Sharuhen, near Gaza - which he stormed after a long siege. And indeed, around the middle of the sixteenth century BCE, Tell ed-Daba was abandoned, marking the sudden end of the Canaanite influence there." [Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed, pp. 55-56]

*Trivia: "Beginning after the expulsion of the Hyksos, the Egyptians tightened their control over the flow of immigrants from Canaan into the delta. They established a system of forts along the delta's eastern border and manned them with garrison troops and administrators. Incidentally, no mention of the name Israel has been found in any of the inscriptions or documents connected with the Hyksos period." [Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed]

1,564 B.C. - Neptune-Pluto Conjunction - "Neptune-Pluto cycles last about 495 years - half a millennium. They characterise an underlying driving-force behind history, an undertow of reality which marries the inevitable ram-force of Pluto with the imaginal, ideational power of Neptune. This combined force helps us define our underlying historical reality on a collective-unconscious level - this world-view and body of collective experience being a combination of actualities and perceptions."  

Note: "Configuration dates on this timeline prior to the 6th century B.C. represent estimated projections only. In some cases they are off by several years." [E.M.]

1,550 - Trivia / Palestine - "The Canaanites lived in small cities on the costal plains of Palestine and Syria under the rule of the Semites Hyksos until Amasis I [Ahmose] about 1550 B.C. liberated Egypt from the Hyksos and formed the New Kingdom." [Link: 1]

1,550 B.C. - 18th Egyptian Dynasty  - "Beginning of Egyptian New Kingdom [1550 B.C.-1070 B.C.] period. This was also the 'Egyptian Empire,' because it ruled over Asians as well as Egyptians. 1,540 B.C. represents a traditional date for the 18th Egyptian Dynasty  [1540 B.C.-1514 B.C.]." [Link: 1]

1,550 B.C. - Destruction? / Indus Valley Civilization - "In India writing disappeared for a time with the destruction of the Indus Valley civilization."

5. Baktun 4. Baktun of the House of Shang. 1536-1141 B.C. 4.0.0.0.0

Establishment of Shang Dynasty, China, enunciation of yin/yang doctrine, advanced bronze metallurgy and pattern of Chinese civilization. Beginnings of Vedic civilization, India. Emergence of Chavin civilization, Andes, and Olmecs, Mesoamerica. Akhenaton, Egypt; Abraham and Moses, Israel; Hittite consolidation, Mesopotamia.

[Based on: The Mayan Factor / Path Beyond Technology, by Jose Arguelles, Copyright 1939-, 1987, p. 114]

1,530 B.C. - Kassite Domination / Mesopotamia - "About 1,530 B.C., a century and a half after the death of Hammurabi, Babylonia and Assyria alike were conquered by charioteers from the north, a group called 'Kassites' by the later histories. Under the Assyrian king, Ashur-Dan, the last Kassite king was driven from the Babylonian throne in the twelfth century B.C." [Link: 1]

1,525 B.C. - Birth / Hatshepsut - "In Egypt Queen Hatshepsut, one of the XVIII Dynasty rulers, was born. Her name translates as 'The Foremost of Noble Ladies'."

1,504 B.C. - Tuthmosis III Rules Egypt - "Tuthmosis III [1587 - 1375 B.C.] was one of the most significant Egyptian rulers during the 18th Dynasty. As a young man he was co-regent to Queen Hatshepsut, his sister, and when she died in 1,480 B.C. Thothmes, whose name means 'born of Thoth,' ruled on his own as supreme Pharoah. There were rumours that the young man had murdered his sister to gain the crown but there is no proof to support this allegation. "

1,503 B.C. - Trivia / Deluge of Deucalion - "A traditional date for the deluge of Deucalion in Thessaly, a country of Greece. Reportedly, the island of Thera [actually the top of a volcano sticking out of the sea] exploded. A rain of ashes fell on Crete, and tidal waves struck its shores, and also the shores of Greece, which may have given rise to Greek legends concerning a great flood. Crete was greatly weakened by this explosion and the Minoan civilization tottered to its end, thereafter. Other dates attributed to the Thera eruption include: 1,628 B.C."

1,500 B.C.

1,500 B.C. - Heroic Age - "A traditional date for the 'Heroic Age' [1,500 B.C. - 1,000 B.C.] of Greece and Israel. Reportedly, the customs of both Greeks and Hebrews in the 'Heroic Age' were often alien to their descendants in the classical periods."

1,500 B.C. - Trivia / Olmecs - "According to popular belief, the Olmecs were a culture of ancient peoples of the East Mexico lowlands. Other reports suggest a much older culture was responsible for the ancient sites which the Olmecs ['their descendants'] later inherited. It was at San Lorenzo that the earliest carbon-dates for an Olmec site [around 1,500 B.C.] had been recorded by archaeologists. However, Olmec culture appeared to have been fully evolved by that epoch and there was no evidence that the evolution had taken place in the vicinity of San Lorenzo. Not a single, solitary  sign of anything that could be described as the 'developmental phase' of Olmec society had been unearthed anywhere in Mexico [or, for that matter, anywhere in the New World]." [Links: 1, 2 [number 12]

*Trivia: "A four-tonne 'Olmec' head bearing African features located in La Venta, Gulf of Mexico, has been approximately dated to 1,500 BC.

*Trivia: "The roots of the Mayan civilization can be traced back thousands of years to the Olmecs, an earlier civilization that inhabited an area along the Gulf of Mexico. The Olmec, which means 'rubber people,' date back to at least 4000 BC. They began their rise to civilization around 1500 BC, and are considered to have reached the first advanced stages of high civilization around 550 BC."  

1,500 B.C. - Biblical Exodus? - "Reportedly, Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt and established a calendar with Egyptian features but based on a seven day week. The later 8-day Sukkot festival commemorates the fall harvest and the wandering of the Hebrews in the Sinai desert after the Exodus. In 1998 Jonathan Kirsch authored 'Moses: A Life'. Miriam was the sister of Moses and led the celebration following the crossing of the Red Sea."

1,500 B.C. - Trivia / Linear B - "With such a non-descriptive name, Linear B proved to be the oldest surviving record of a Greek dialect, known as Mycenaean, named after the great site of Mycenae where the legendary Agamemnon ruled. Its usage spanned the time period between 1,500 B.C. and 1,200 B.C. approximately, and geographically covered the island of Crete as well as the southern part of the Greek Mainland." [Link: 1]

1,500 B.C. - Trivia / Byblos Script - "Byblos is an ancient Phoenician city along the coast of modern day Lebanon. Its name was the origin of the Greek word 'biblion' which means 'book', hence 'bibliography' and 'Bible'. In short Byblos is nearly synonymous with writing. Ironically, Byblos was also home to a still poorly understood script during roughly the middle of the second millenium BCE. There are only a few short examples of this script, mainly on stone or metal. This script contains roughly 100 signs, which fits with the number of signs necessary for a syllabary." [Link: 1]

1,500 B.C. - Nubian Empire / Egypt - "[....] This powerful dynasty [Nubian] rose just as Egypt's Middle Kingdom declined around 1785 B.C. By 1500 B.C. the Nubian empire stretched between the Second and Fifth Cataracts [Nile River]. [....]" [Based on: Article (AN IGNORED CHAPTER OF HISTORY TELLS OF A TIME WHEN KINGS FROM DEEP IN AFRICA CONQURED ANCIENT EGYPT / Black Pharaohs, by Robert Draper, N.G.M. (February 2008), p. 40]

1,500 B.C. - Independence / Assyria  - "According to popular history, Assyria becomes an independant kingdom."

1,500 B.C. - Aryan Invasion? / India - "According to popular history, by 1,500 B.C. charioteers invaded Asia and put an end to the Indus Valley region. The invaders of India called themselves 'Aryans,' from their word for 'noble.' They spoke an Indo-European language known as 'Sanskrit.' It is because they brought this language into India, while other charioteers spread related languages westward into Europe, that we call the language-family Indo European. In 1999 researchers reported that gene patterns confirmed that Caucasoid invaders entered India between 1,000 and 2,000 BC."

1,500 B.C. - Kush / Southern Egypt - "By this time the kingdom of Kush was established south of Egypt. The Kushites were dark-complexioned Negroids."

1,491 - Biblical Exodus? - "According to standard Bible chronology, the Hebrews went to Egypt some three centuries before the time of Ramesses and made their exodus in about 1,491 BC, long before he came to the throne."

1,483 B.C. - Tuthmosis III / Canaan - "Tuthmosis III led Egyptian armies into Asia in 1,483 B.C. and conquered Canaan. He then marched farther northward and defeated Mitanni."

1,480 B.C. - Military Expansion / Egypt - "Following Queen Hatsheput's death, Thothmes III [her brother] began a campaign of military expansion which transformed  Egypt into a world power."

1,479 B.C. - Canaanite Defeat / Megiddo -  "Thutmose III defeats Canaanites at Megiddo."

1,475 B.C. - Egyptian Palestine - "During the early period of The New Kingdom the Egyptian armies liberated Palestine Around 1475 B.C. Palestine revolted against the rule of the Egyptian Queen Hatshepsut. The next Egyptian Pharaoh Tuthmosis III reoccupied Palestine."  [Link: 1] 

1,450 B.C. - Tyre Founded  - "Tyre founded by colonists from Sidon."

1,450 B.C. - Egyptian Palestine - "Palestine stayed as an Egyptian province during The Amarna Period 1450-1350 B.C." [Link: 1]  

1,450 B.C. - Trivia / Ugarit Culture - "The conception of a messenger of God that underlies Biblical prophecy was reportedly Amorite [West Semitic] and found in the tablets at Mari. Mesopotamian religious and cultural conceptions are reflected in Biblical cosmogony, primeval history [including the Flood story in Gen. 6:9-8:22], and law collections. The Canaanite component of Israelite culture consisted of the Hebrew language and a rich literary heritage - whose Ugaritic form [which flourished in the northern Syrian city of Ugarit from the mid-15th century to about 1200 B.C.] illuminates the Bible's poetry, style, mythological allusions, and religiocultic terms. Though plainer when compared with some of the learned literary creations of Mesopotamia, Canaan, and Egypt, the earliest Biblical writings are so imbued with contemporary ancient Middle Eastern elements that the once-held assumption that Israelite religion began on a primitive level must be rejected. Late-born amid high civilizations, the Israelite religion had from the start that admixture of high and low features characteristic of all the known religions of the area. Implanted on the land bridge between Africa and Asia, it was exposed to crosscurrents of foreign thought throughout its history."

1,450 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction -

1,450 B.C. - Amenophis II Rules Egypt - "Amenophis II [son of Thutmosis III] rules [1450-1425 B.C.] Egypt. By 1,450 B.C. Egypt had reached its maximum expansion."

1,440 B.C. - Biblical Exodus? - "I Kings 6:1 tells us that the start of the construction of the Temple in the fourth year of Solomon's reign took place 480 years after the Exodus. According to a correlation of the regnal dates of Israelite kings with outside Egyptian and Assyrian sources, this would roughly place the Exodus in 1,440 B.C. That is more than a hundred years after the date of the Egyptian expulsion of the Hyksos, around 1,570 B.C." [Based on: The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, p. 56]

1,431 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction -

1,417 B.C. - Amenophis III  Rules Egypt - "Amenophis III, the grandson of Thutmosis III, rules Egypt form 1417- 1379 B.C."

1,413 B.C. - Joseph In Egypt? - "Reportedly, Joseph was in Egypt not in the early 18th century BC, but in the early 15th century BC. There he was appointed Chief Minister to Tuthmosis IV [1413-1405]. To the Egyptians, however, Joseph [Yusuf the viser] was known as Yuya and his story is particularly revealing - not just in the biblical account of Joseph, but also in respect to Moses." [Based on: Laurence Gardner]

1,400 B.C.

1,400 B.C. - Surya / Middle East - "Clay tablets from about 1,400 B.C. Egypt testify to gods with Iranian names in Syria and Palestine, and plainly enough, Syria and Assyria contain the name, Surya, itself, 'sura' being a common adjective in Persian scriptures meaning 'strong' or 'mighty,' evidently derived from the word 'surya.' "

1,400 B.C. - Ivory Pomegranate? - "An ivory pomegranate long touted by scholars as the only relic from Solomon's Temple is a forgery, the Israeli Museum said Friday [12/24/04], as investigators said they had broken up several fake antiquity rings in a wide-ranging investigation. Indictments in that investigation are to be handed down next week, the officials said. Among those to be indicted is Israeli collector Oded Golan, the Justice Ministry confirmed. Golan, who denied wrongdoing, owns the two most spectacular artifacts declared fakes last year [2003]: a burial chest purported to be that of James, the brother of Jesus, and a stone tablet with inscriptions on how to maintain the Jewish Temple. The pomegranate was examined by the museum independently of the investigation by the Israeli authorities, said the director of the Israel Museum, James Snyder. A team of experts reported the thumb-sized pomegranate dates to the Bronze period, or about 3,400 years ago, meaning it is considerably older than the first Jewish Temple, and the inscription was added recently, the museum said in a statement." [Based on: News Services article, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, p. A10, 12/25/04]

1,400 B.C. -  Trivia / Hsiung-nu - "From 1,400 B.C., but particularly around 200 B.C., Chinese chroniclers mention the existence of war-like tribes of nomads which they refer to as the 'Hiung-nu' or 'Hsiung-nu' who were posing a threat to the empire. These were some of the earliest reference to the evolving and growing race of nomadic warriors who were to become the Turks."

1,400 B.C. - Mycenaean Greeks -  "After the destruction of Knossos the Mycenaean civilization replaced the Minoan. Bronze weapons, war scenes on art, Cyclopean defense walls and the burial of male warriors with their weapons indicates that the Mycenaeans were militaristic. The horse drawn chariot emerged about this time. The Mycenaeans dominated the Aegean world for about 200 years."

1,400 B.C. - The Eleusinian Mysteries - "The most famous of the ancient religious Mysteries were the Eleusinian, whose rites were celebrated every five years in the city of Eleusis to honor Ceres (Demeter, Rhea, or Isis) and her daughter, Persephone. The initiates of the Eleusinian School were famous throughout Greece for the beauty of their philosophic concepts and the high standards of morality which they demonstrated in their daily lives. Because of their excellence, these Mysteries spread to Rome and Britain, and later the initiations were given in both these countries. The Eleusinian Mysteries, named for the community in Attica where the sacred dramas were first presented, are generally believed to have been founded by Eumolpos about fourteen hundred years before the birth of Christ, and through the Platonic system of philosophy their principles have been preserved to modern times.
   "The rites of Eleusis, with their Mystic interpretations of Nature's most precious secrets, overshadowed the civilizations of their time and gradually absorbed many smaller schools, incorporating into their own system whatever valuable information these lesser institutions possessed. Heckethorn sees in the Mysteries of Ceres and Bacchus a metamorphosis of the rites of Isis and Osiris, and there is every reason to believe that all so-called secret schools of the ancient world were branches from one philosophic tree which, with its root in heaven and its branches on the earth, is - like the spirit of man - an invisible but ever-present cause of the objectified vehicles that give it expression. The Mysteries were the channels through which this one philosophic light was disseminated, and their initiates, resplendent with intellectual and spiritual understanding, were the perfect fruitage of the divine tree, bearing witness before the material world of the recondite source of all Light and Truth. [....]" [Based on: The Secret Teachings Of All Ages, Manly P. Hall]

1,400 B.C. - Trivia / Ball-Habad, Canaan - "The myth of Marduk and Tiamat seems to have influenced the people of Canaan, who told a very similar story about Baal-Habad, the god of storm and fertility, who is often mentioned in extremely unflattering terms in the Bible. The story of Baal's battle with Yam-Nahar, the god of the seas and rivers, is told on tablets that date to the fourteenth century BCE. Baal and Yam both lived with El, the Canaanite High God. At the council of El, Yam demands that Baal be delivered up to him. With two magic weapons, Baal defeats Yam and is about to kill him when Asherah [El's wife and mother of the gods] pleads that it is dishonorable to slay a prisoner. Baal is ashamed and spares Yam, who represents the hostile aspect of the seas and rivers which constantly threaten to flood the earth, while Baal, the Storm God, makes the earth fertile. In another version of the myth, Baal slays the seven-headed dragon Lotan, who is called Leviathan in Hebrew. In almost all cultures the dragon symbolizes the latent, the unformed and the undifferentiated. Baal has thus halted the slide back to primal formlessness in a truly creative act and is rewarded by a beautiful palace built by the gods in his honor. In very early religion, therefore, creativity was seen as divine: we still use religious language to speak of creative 'inspiration' which shapes reality anew and brings fresh meaning to the world.
   "But Baal undergoes a reverse: he dies and has to descend to the world of Mot, the god of death and sterility. When he hears of his son's fate, the High God El comes down from his throne, puts on sackcloth and gashes his cheeks, but he cannot redeem his son. It is Anat, Baal's lover and sister, who leaves the divine realm and goes in search of her twin soul, 'desiring him as a cow her calf or a ewe her lamb.' When she finds his body, she makes a funeral feast in his honor, seizes Mot, cleaves him with her sword, winnows, burns and grinds him like corn before sowing him in the ground. Similar stories are told about the other great goddesses - Inana, Ishtar, and Isis - who search for the dead god and bring new life to the soil. The victory of Anat, however must be perpetuated year after year in ritual celebration. Later - we are not sure how, since our sources are incomplete - Baal is brought back to life and restored to Anat. This apotheosis  of wholeness and harmony, symbolized by the union of the sexes, was celebrated by means of ritual sex in ancient Canaan. By imitating the gods in this way, men and women would share their struggle  against sterility and ensure creativity and fertility of the world. The death of a god, the quest of the goddess and the triumphant return to the divine sphere were constant religious themes in many cultures and would recur in the very different religion of the One God worshipped by Jews, Christians and Muslims." [Based on: Karen Armstrong, A History of God, pp. 10-11]

1,400 B.C. - Trivia / Phoenician Language - "The Phoenicians, located between Babylonia and Egypt, could not trade easily unless they could handle both languages. Attempts to work out a simpler writing code had begun as early as 1400 B.C., but without total success."

1,400 B.C. - Traditions / East Mediterranean - "Reportedly, prior to the Amarna Age [i.e., before 1,400 B.C.] Egyptian, Canaanite, Mesopotamian, Anatolian, Aegean and other influences met around the East Mediterranean to form an international order, by which each in turn was effected. Out of the Amarna Age order emerged the earliest traditions of Israel and Greece."

1,394 B.C. - Birth? / Aminadab [Moses] - "Reportedly, Aminadab was born the son of Tiye and Joseph [Yuya]. He was subsequently set afloat downstream in a basket of reeds in order to save his life. Other words associated with Aminadab include: Moses."

1,390 B.C. - Height of Power / Hittites  - "Hittites at height of power."

1,379 B.C. - Amenophis IV [Akhenaton] Rules Egypt - "According to popular history, Amenophis IV who ruled Egypt from 1379-1362 B.C. is the first person we know [as a historic figure and not as a legend] who was a monotheist and believed in a single God - in his case, the Sun-God, or Aton. He renamed himself Akhenaton ['servent of Aton'] and founded a new capital between Memphis and Thebes which is called Akhetaton ['place of power of Aton']."

1,375 B.C. - Trivia / Palestine - "North Palestine was invaded by the Phoenicians and then the Hittite around 1375 B.C. The rest of Palestine stayed under the Egyptian control. The Egyptian Pharaohs Siti I then Rameses II managed to expel the Hittites from Palestine."  [Link: 1]  

1,375 B.C. - Suppiluliumas I Rules Hittites - "Suppiluliumas I rules [1375-1334 B.C.] the Hittites."

1,374 B.C. - Mussilish II Rules Hittites - "Mussilish II, the son of Suppiluliumas I, rules [1334-1306 B.C.] the Hittites."

1,362 B.C. - Tutankhamen Rules Egypt - "The sun-in-law of Akhenaton, Tutankhamen, rules Egypt from 1362-1352 B.C., a time in which the old religion was restored. The tumb of Tutankhamen was discovered, intact, in 1922."

*Trivia: "King Tut ruled about 3,300 years ago. He ascended to the throne at about age 8 and died around 1323 B.C. at 17." [Based on: News Services article, S.L.P.D., 11/15/04]

1,339 B.C. - Uranus-Pluto Conjunction -

1,320 B.C. - Ramesses Rules Egypt - "The first pharaoh named Ramesses came to the throne only in 1,320 BCE - more than a century after the traditional Biblical date. As a result, many scholars have tended to dismiss the literal value of the Biblical dating." [Based on: The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, p. 56]

1,306 B.C. - Muwatallish Rules Hittites - "Muwatallish rules [1,306-1,282 B.C.] the Hittites. Under his reign the Hittites fought and won the battle of Kadesh against Rameses II."

1,304 B.C. - Trivia / Annals of Ramesses II - "The annals of Ramesses II [1304-1237 BC] specify that Semitic people were settled in the land of Goshen and it is further explained that they went there from Canaan for want of food."

1,301 B.C. - Solar Eclipse - "Early Chinese Eclipse [June 5th]."

1,300 B.C.

1,300 B.C. - Trivia / Ur - Reportedly: "As late as the 13th century B.C., one of the northern Urs [Ur colonies] was an active community of merchants in the service of the Hittite kings."

1,300 B.C. - Israelite & Philistine Invaders? / Canaan -

[....] The story of Samson (that redoubtable giant of a Judge) is well known, but the important aspect of his legend is that it is our first introduction to the most intimidating of all Israel's enemies; the Philistines. Heavily armed, they had arrived by sea, like plundering Vikings, in about 1300 B.C., with a trail of death and destruction behind them in Crete, Cyprus, Asia Minor, and Phoenicia. They had completely obliterated the Hittite empire, and the Egyptians called them the Pelestia, which in Hebrew was Peleshti. In all their years of wreaking havoc through the Medterranean, only pharaoh Rameses III ever defeated them on both land and sea. Claiming a stretch of coast in southern Canaan, these maritime warriors established the five city kingdoms of Askelon, Ashdod, Ekron, Gaza, and Gath, which together became known as Palestine. At the same time, The Israelite invaders held the north of Canaan, and they each had their sights set towards the occupation of the whole.
   Notwithstanding the continued struggle which persists between the Israelites and Palestinians over the same land today, the fact is that, in that era, they were both unwelcome invaders of Canaan. The Israelites had evolved through some four centuries in Egypt, prior to which their patriarch Abraham and his forebears were from Ur of the Chaldees in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq). Meanwhile, the Hebrews (from eber, meaning "other side") were the people from eber han-nahor: the "other side of the river" (the Euphrates), as explained in Joshua 24:3. These were the trading descendants of Abraham's sixth generational ancestor Eber (Heber), and the Egyptians called them Apiru or Habiru. As described in Genesis 11:28-32, the "other side of the river" was the land of Haran in the kingdom of Mari in Mesopotamia.
   The newly dubbed Palestinians (Philistines) hailed from Caphtor (called Kafto in the Ramesside inscriptions), a coastal region of southern Anatolia (modern Turkey), whose capital was Tarsus. This was the land of the Luwians, who had arrived in about 2000 B.C., bringing an Akkadian language and script from Mesopotamia. The chances are that, in more distant times, the Israelites and Philistines had related Mesopotamian origins. [....]

[Based on: Laurence Gardner, Lost Secrets of the Sacred Ark, pp. 132-133]

1,300 B.C. - Trivia / Abecedary - "The earliest example of an abecedary [a list of the letters in an alphabet in the some kind of order] was found in the city of Ugarit. This abecedary shows a total of 30 symbols used in the Ugaritic script." [Link: 1]

1,300 B.C. - South Arabian Script - "At around 1,300 BC, a branch of the evolving Proto-Canaanite broke off and spread into the southern part of the Arabian Peninsula. This Proto-Arabian script eventually evolved by the 5th century B.C. into the highly elegant South Arabian script." [Links: 1]

*Trivia: "The South Arabian alphabet was used primarily in the Sabaean and Minaean kingoms in the Southern edge of the Arabian Peninsula. It is thought to have diverged from the Proto-Canaanite alphabet as early as 1,300 BCE, and a developing form appeared in Babylonia and near Elath of the Gulf of Aqaba around the 8th/7th centuries BCE." [Links: 1, 2]

1,300 B.C. - Iron Age / Caucasian Foothills - "About 1,300 B.C. the technique for smelting and carbonizing iron was developed in the Caucasian foothills under the Hittites. This marked the beginning of the Iron Age."

1,295 B.C. - 19th Egyptian Dynasty  - "The 19th Egyptian Dynasty  [1295 B.C.- 1294 B.C.]." [Link: 1]

1,294 B.C. - Egyptian Influence / Canaan - "An Egyptian stronghold was excavated at the site of Beth-shean to the south of the sea of Galilee in the 1920's. Its various structures and courtyards contained statues and enscribed heiroglyphic monuments from the days of the pharaohs Seti I [1294-1279 BCE], Ramesses II [1279-1213 BCE], and Ramsees III [1184-1153 BCE]. The ancient Canaanite city of Megiddo disclosed evidence of strong Egyptian influence as late as the days of Ramesses VI, who ruled toward the end of the twelfh century BCE. This was long after the supposed conquest of Canaan by the Israelites. Other indications - both literary and archaeological - seem to show that in the 13th century BCE, the grip of Egypt on Canaan was stronger than ever."

1,279 B.C. - Ramesses II Rules Egypt - "Egyptian sources report that the city of Pi-Ramesses ['The House of Ramesses'] was built in the delta in the days of the great Egyptian king Ramesses II, who ruled 1,279-1,213 BCE, and that Semites were apparently employed in its construction." [Based on: Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible Unearthed, p. 57]

*Trivia: "The identification of Ramesses II as the pharaoh of the Exodus came as the result of modern scholarly assumptions based on the identification of the place-name Pi-Ramesses with Raamses [Exodus1:11; 12:37]. In regard to the Biblical Exodus, beyond a vague reference to the Israelites' fear of taking  the coastal route, there is no mention of the Egyptian forts in northern Sinai or their strongholds in Canaan."

*Trivia: "By tradition, Rameses II is the Pharaoh under whom the Israelites were enslaved and in whose court Moses grew to manhood. However there is nothing outside the Bible to support this." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 42]

1,275 B.C. - Assyrian Victory / Mitanni -  "Assyria conquers the Mitanni kingdom, as Assyria enters its first period of strength."

1,274 B.C. - Shalmaneser I Rules Assyria - "Shalmaneser  I rules [1274-1245 B.C.] in Assyria."

1,260 B.C. - Uranus-Neptune Conjunction -

1,250 B.C. - Trivia / Inca Empire, South America - "According to popular history, beginning about 1,250 B.C., several advanced cultures, such as the Chavin, Chimu, Nazca, and Tiahuanaco, developed in different parts of Peru." [Links: 1, 2]

1,245 B.C. - Tukultininurta I Rules Assyria - "Tukultininurta I rules [1245-1208 B.C.] in Assyria."

1,235 B.C. - Nimrod Rules Assyria -  "According to popular history, Tukulti-Ninurta I [Nimrod] rules in Assyria."

1,230 B.C. - Israelite Conquest? / Canaan - "A suggested date for the Israeli conquest of Canaan."

1,223 B.C. - Israel Mentioned / Merneptah Stele - "The earliest mention of Israel in an extrabiblical text was found in Egypt in the stele describing the campaign of Pharaoh Merneptah - the son of Ramesses II - in Canaan at the very end of the thirteenth century BCE. The inscription tells of a destructive Egyptian campaign into Canaan, in the course of which a people named Israel were decimated to the extent that the pharoah boasted that Israel's 'seed is not!' The boast was clearly an empty one, but it did indicate that some group known as Israel was already in Canaan by that time. In fact, dozens of settlements that were linked with the early Israelites appeared in the hill country of Canaan around that time. So if a historical Exodus took place, scholars have argued, it must have occured in the late thirteenth century BCE." [Based on: The Bible Unearthed, Israel Finkelstein & Neil Asher Silberman, p. 57]

1,220 B.C. - Palestinian Control / Palestine - "Around 1200 B.C. Egypt lost control over Palestine and the Palestinian Canaanites controlled Palestine. During the Late Bronze Age c. 1220 or c. 1190 B.C. the Egyptian Hebrew [Israelite] tribes left Egypt with Moses through Sinai to the area south of Jordan and North West of Saudi Arabia [Mizraim] where they became by time powerful enough to group and invade some parts of Palestine which was inhabited by several groups of people. In this process the Egyptian Hebrews had to fight the Hill tribes of the Amorites and to conquer the Amorites kings Sihon and Og. During the Early Iron Age as Egypt lost control over Palestine, Palestine was invaded by Hebrew tribes from the north then by the Aegean [the Sea People] Philistines who by time controlled all Palestine. By that time, The Early Iron Age, several different people were living in Palestine: - Ammonites [the descendants of Amon, the son of the younger daughter of Lot, the son of Haran and nephew of Abraham; they were a transjordanic tribe] - Amorites - Canaanites [the Gibeonites] Hill people from Gibeon one of the four cities of the Hivites] - Edomites, Idumeans [The descendants of Esau] who were forcibly converted to Judaism by John Hyrcanus c. 125 B.C. and incorporated with the Jewish nation] - Hebrews [other than the Egyptian Hebrews] - Hit