Historical Timeline

Calendar Months

   "Most newspaper article events happen anywhere from days, to months, to years before they reach publication. Consequently, most newspaper articles on this timeline are preceded by the date of the newspaper in which they appear." [E.M.]      *Color Code

1945-1959 A.D.

1945 - "Discontinuity in History" - "[....] Now look at 1945, and consider what happened in the space of a very short time, a veritable instant in history.

Before 1945, all that human beings could do in the way of rapine and destruction could not seriously affect our planet. It recovered rapidly from even the most destructive of wars. Since 1945, however, we have accumulated nuclear weapons, which in the space of days (if used unsparingly) can destroy civilization and, perhaps, compromise the very habitability of the planet.

Before 1945, all the economic processes of humanity, from the use of fire to the use of radio, had not sufficed to endanger the environment seriously. Since 1945, however, the rapid advance of industrialization and the vast multiplication of the use of fossil fuels has resulted in the dangerous pollution of air, water, and soil, and the possible creation of a greenhouse effect - so that, again, the very habitability of the planet may be compromised. This includes the use of new artificial substances, such as chlorofluorocarbons and plastics, which resist breakdown by natural processes and which introduce new strains on the environment.

The human population of Earth has risen steadily since the days of the early hominids, but prior to 1945, it more or less matched the extension of the human range and took place slowly enough so that world society could adapt to it. Since 1945, the rate of population increase has itself increased and the world population has more than doubled, while the use of energy and of resources generally has increased far more rapidly still. The planet groans under the weight of humanity, the forests and the wilderness are disappearing, large numbers of living species are being driven to extinction, and the ecological balance of the earth is being compromised. Closer to us as individuals are the spectres of food shortage and famine that would unbearably aggravate the serious problems of disease, violence, drugs, and social alienation that already exist.

All through the history of civilization, until 1945, there has been a tendency for imperial growth, with larger political units being built up. Since 1945, in a very short period of time, all the overseas European empires broke up and "third world" nations have become independant by the dozens. (A generation afterward, the Soviet empire broke up as well.) In a way, this is a "freedom explosion" that might be welcomed, but the change has been so rapid that these new nations have developed neither the economic substructure nor the political maturity to run their societies properly.

Still, not everything points to disaster. All through the history of humanity, there has been a steady and accelerating advance in technology that has, by and large, made human life richer and more secure, and enabled humanity to handle its problems better. This has continued faster than ever, and such new postwar phenomena as computers, television, jet planes, space flight, and medical techniques offer hope. And yet, here too, there is difficulty. Prior to 1945, technological advances spread outward from the point of origin sufficiently slow so that the changes could be absorbed without undue difficulty. Since 1945, new advances spread over the world almost at once, producing changes that can only with difficulty be worked into our society.

   If ever there was a discontinuity in history, then, it was in 1945, and it would be entirely too jarring to attempt to continue this present history past that fearful break.
   What is needed is a completely different book, one with a short prolog describing the nature of pre-1945 human history, and then examining the effects of the discontinuity in detail. Post-1945 history may turn out to require a book nearly or quite as long as this book, devoted to pre-1945 history.
   Naturally, I want to do this second book myself; however, after 52 years as a professional writer, and after the production of well over 465 published books, I seem to begin to recognize a limitation to my capacity for endless work. Well, we shall see ..." [Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology of the World, Copyright 1991, pp. 648-649]

*Trivia: "Estimated Number of Warheads as of 2004: Russia - 16,000; U.S.A - 10,350; China - 400; France - 350; United Kingdom - 200; Israel - 200; Pakistan - 24-48; India - 30-35; North Korea - 6-8? The last four countries on this list [Israel, Pakistan, India & North Korea] are not signatories to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty." [Based on: N.G.M., August 2005, pp. 104-105]

1945 - Beginning / Cold War - "Stalin's new military now occupied all of the Baltic States, Poland, East Germany [including the capital, Berlin], Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria. A post-war agreement with the US and Britain at Yalta guaranteed that the Soviets would withdraw from these countries when stable governments existed there. Stalin liked the sound of that and installed 'stable' governments in these countries that were Communist and answered to him. Also, Soviet troops never withdrew from these countries. The Iron Curtain and the Cold War were beginning in 1945. Stalin began to round up entire families. He would send some to exile in Siberia where they would work in coal and mineral mines, and would send others to industrial cities where they could work on his weapons programs. These people were told that if they ever wanted to see their families again they would do exactly what they were told. They did. People who were of little value to Stalin were systematically killed. It is estimated that 30 million people died on Stalin's orders between 1924-1953. Stalin spent the rest of his life in fear that old rivals were attempting to remove him from power. He continued his purges and killing right up to his death in 1953."

1945 - Founded / Huna Fellowship - "The Huna Fellowship was founded by Max Freedom Long in 1945."

1945 - Status / English National Debt - "In 1815 it [the English national debt] was 885 million pounds and in 1945 it had grown to 22.5 billion pounds. By 1995 the national debt had risen to more than 300 billion pounds, equal to 45 percent of GNP."
  "Not even the Macmillan Committee, which was appointed in 1929, managed to find out who governed the Bank of England. Only one name has leaked out—that of Rothschild. All great wars have been started and financed by the economic conglomerate emanating from one single banking family—the Rothschilds.
   "In the Netherlands, secret societies had been able to found a central bank as early as 1609. About 40 of the world's most important central banks were established in a similar way as that of the Bank of England. In that way the Masonic bankers ruled the long-term development in the world with loan interest as a method, the central banks as middlemen, the politicians as dummies and the people as ignorant wage slaves. The Freemason-controlled banks thus can govern political life by acting without being seen. The English people strengthened the power of these invisible Freemasons through paying taxes during three centuries. Central banks were supposed to keep the economy stable." [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, September/October 2004, p. 9]

1945 - Elected Communists? / U.S.A. - "As late as 1945 the Communist Party had two members on the New York City Council. Both were elected from Jewish areas of the city. Two Jews born in Russia were William Weinstone, (of the Communist Part USA Central Executive Committee) and Jay Lovestone, (editor of 'The Communist' magazine).
   "Mike Gold was editor of 'New Masses.' Alexander Bittelman served on the Central Executive Committee of Communist Part USA and as editor of the Yiddish Communist Part USA daily newspaper, 'Freiheit'. Alexander Trachtenberg fought in the failed 1905 revolution against the Czar. He fled to the U.S. and headed the front group, 'Friends of the Russian Revolution'. Louis Fraina, a Jew born in Italy, was the chief organizer of the original U.S. Communist Party. He operated under the name Ralph Snyder." [Link: 1]

1945 - Birth / Stephen Stills - January 3rd, 1945: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Musician, Stephen Stills."

1945 - Birth / Rod Stewart - January 10th, 1945: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer, Rod Stewart."

1945 - Test Launch / German IBM Prototype - January 24th, 1945: "Germany successfully launched the A-9, a winged prototype of the first Intercontinental Ballistic Missile, which was designed to reach North America.  It reached almost 50 miles in altitude, and achieved a speed of 2,700 mph.  The launch was executed on January 24th." [Link: 1]  

1945 - White Sands Proving Grounds / U.S.A. - "In February, the Secretary of War approved the Army's plans to establish the White Sands Proving Grounds, for testing new rockets." [Link: 1]

1945 - Yalta Conference / Crimea, USSR - February 4th-11th, 1945: "Yalta Conference met in the Crimea, USSR, Feb. 4-11. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin agreed that their 3 countries, plus France, would occupy Germany and that the Soviet Union would enter war against Japan." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 548]

1945 - U.S. Forces / Iwo Jima, Japan - February 19th, 1945: "Marines landed on Iwo Jima Feb. 19, won control Mar. 16 after heavy casualties." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 548]

1945 - Birth / Micky Dolenz - March 5th, 1945: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actor-director, Micky Dolenz."

1945 - Birth / Robin Trower - March 9th, 1945: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Rock musician, Robin Trower."

1945 - Birth / Eric Clapton - March 30th, 1945: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Rock musician, Eric Clapton."

1945 - Birth / Gabe Kaplan - March 31st, 1945: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Comedian, Gabe Kaplan."

1945 - U.S. Forces / Okinawa, Japan - April 1st, 1945: "U.S. forces invaded Okinawa Apr. 1, captured Okinawa June 21." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 548]

1945 - Test Fired / Private-F Rockets, Texas - "On April 1st through 13th, seventeen rounds of Private-F rockets were fired at Hueco Ranch, Texas." [Link: 1]

1945 - Fatality / U.S. President Roosevelt - April 12th, 1945: "Pres. Roosevelt died in Warm Springs GA, Apr. 12; Vice Pres. Harry S. Truman became president." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 548]

1945 - U.S. President Harry S. Truman - April 12th, 1945: "The 33rd American President,  Harry S. Truman [Democrat], begins his term."

*Trivia: "President Harry Truman proposes publicly financed national health insurance, but the American Medical Association, the insurance industry and businesses block it." [Source: Institute of Medicine, 10/04/04]

1945 - Birth / Tony Dow - April 13th, 1945: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actor ('Leave It to Beaver'), Tony Dow."

1945 - Fatality? / Adolf Hitler - April 30th, 1945: "Reportedly, in his search for the Hallows of Grail Castle, the Fuehrer of Germany obtained an ancient lance [said to have been used by Charlemagne], which he insisted was the spear which pierced the side of Jesus at the Crucifixion. On April 30th, 1945 [the very day when the American 7th Army, under General Patton, seized the lance from Nuremberg Castle], Adolf Hitler accepted defeat and shot himself. Today the lance resides in the Hofburg Museum, Vienna."

1945 - Von Braun Relocation / White Sands - "On May 5th, Peenemunde was captured by the Red army, but the facilities there were mostly destroyed by the personnel.  Von Braun was captured by the U.S. and relocated to the White Sands proving ground in New Mexico.  He was made part of  'Operation Paperclip.' " [Link: 1]

1945 - Birth / Bob Seger - May 6th, 1945: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer, Bob Seger."

1945 - Surrender / Germany - May 7th, 1945: "Germany surrendered May 7." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 548]

1945 - V-E Day - May 8th, 1945: "May 8 proclaimed V-E Day." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 548]

1945 - Birth / Pete Townshend - May 19th, 1945: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Rock singer-composer (The Who), Pete Townshend."

1945 - Birth / Priscilla Presley - May 24th, 1945: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actress, Priscilla Presley."

1945 - Birth / Carly Simon - June 25th, 1945: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer, Carly Simon."

1945 - Birth / Deborah Harry - July 1st, 1945: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer (Blondie), Deborah Harry."

1945 - 1st Atomic Bomb Detonation / New Mexico, U.S.A. - July 16th, 1945: "The first nuclear bomb was detonated [in a test code-named Trinity] on July 16, 1945, at Alamogordo, New Mexico. The second and third bombs fell on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan on August 6 and August 9, respectively. They were products of the 'Manhattan Project,' the $2 billion wartime effort by U.S. and British scientists and the U.S. Army to build a weapon that would 'end the war.' At its peak, about 160,000 people worked on the project in more than 25 sites across the United States. No one person can be completely credited with the invention of nuclear weapons." [Link: 1]

1945 - Potsdam Conference - July 17th-August 2nd: "At Potsdam Conference, July 17-Aug. 2, leaders of U.S., USSR, and Britain agreed on disarmament of Germany, occupation zones, war crimes trials." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 548]

1945 - Bomber Accident / Empire State Building - July 28th, 1945: "Empire State Building struck by Army B-25 bomber, July 28, killing 13." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 548]

1945 - V-2 Rockets / White Sands, U.S.A. - August 1945: "May 8th marked the end of the war in Europe.  At the time of the German collapse, more than 20,000 V-1's and V-2's had been fired.  Components of approximately 100 V-2 rockets arrived at the White Sands Testing Grounds, in August." [Link: 1]

1945 -  Atomic Bomb Detonation / Hiroshima, Japan - August 6th, 1945: "Making good on his threat to unleash 'a rain of ruin the like of which has never been seen on earth,' President Harry Truman [from Independence Missouri?] authorizes the dropping of two atomic bombs on Japan - one on Hiroshima on August 6, and a second on Nagasaki on August 9. The Japanese surrender within days."

*Trivia: "Bomb dropped on Hiroshima Aug. 6, with about 750,000 people killed." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 548]

*Trivia: "B-29 bomber Enola Gay drops a 15-kiloton uranium bomb, nicknamed Little Boy, on Hiroshima, Japan. Some 68,000 die immediately, followed by perhaps 70,000 more over the next few years." [Based on: N.G.M., August 2005, p. 103]

*Trivia: "[....] Including those initially listed as missing or who died later from a loosely defined set of bomb-related ailments, including cancers, Hiroshima officials now put the total number of the dead in this city alone at 237,062. This year [2005], 5,000 more names are to be added to the list. [....]" [Based on: A.P. article, S.L.P.D., p. A4, 08/05/05]

*Links: http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0805-20.htm

1945 -  Atomic Bomb Detonation / Nagasaki, Japan - August 9th, 1945: "Making good on his threat to unleash 'a rain of ruin the like of which has never been seen on earth,' President Harry Truman authorizes the dropping of two atomic bombs on Japan - one on Hiroshima on August 6, and a second on Nagasaki on August 9. The Japanese surrender within days."

*Trivia: "Bomb dropped on Nagasaki Aug. 9, killing about 40,000." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 548]

*Trivia: "Fat Man, a 21-kiloton plutonium bomb, is dropped on Nagasaki. Japan, killing 38,000, with an estimated 35,000 additional fatalities. Japan surrenders days later." [Based on: N.G.M., August 2005, p. 103]

*Trivia: "[....] Three days later [08/09/1945], another plane, Bock's Car, bombed Nagasaki, on the souther Japan island of Kyushu, killing at least 80,000. On Aug. 15, 1945, Japan surrendered. [....]" [Based on: A.P. article, S.L.P.D., p. A4, 08/05/05]

*Links: http://www.commondreams.org/views05/0805-20.htm

1945 - Died / Robert Goddard - "On August 10, Robert Goddard died due to cancer. He died at the University of Maryland Hospital in Baltimore." [Link: 1]

1945 - Birth / Steve Martin - August 14th, 1945: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Comedian-actor, Steve Martin."

1945 - Informal Surrender / Japan - August 14th, 1945: "Japan agreed to surrender Aug. 14; formally surrendered Sept. 2." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 548]

1945 - Formal Surrender / Japan - September 2nd, 1945: "Japan agreed to surrender Aug. 14; formally surrendered Sept. 2." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 548]

*Trivia: "Akihito's father, Hirohito, was revered as a living god until 1945, when Japan's defeat in WWII led him to renounce his divinity." [A.P.,10/29/04]

1945 - Democratic Republic of Vietnam / Ho Chi Minh - September 2nd, 1945: "Ho Chi Minh proclaims the Democratic Republic of Vietnam." [Based on: S.L.P.D. p. A5, 04/25/05]

*Trivia: "Ho Chi Minh Creates Provisional Government Following the surrender of Japan to Allied forces, Ho Chi Minh and his People's Congress create the National Liberation Committee of Vietnam to form a provisional government. Japan transfers all power to Ho's Vietminh."

*Trivia: ""Ho Declares Independence of Vietnam. British Forces Land in Saigon and return Authority to the French."

1945 - Censored Stories / U.S. Weapons of Mass Destruction, Japan - September 6th, 1945: "An American journalist who sneaked into Nagasaki soon after the Japanese city was leveled by a U.S. atomic bomb found a 'wasteland of war' and victims moaning from the pain of radiation burns in downtown hospitals. Censored 60 years ago [1945] by the U.S. military, George Weller's stories from the atom-bombed city surfaced this month [June 2005] in a series of reports in the national newspaper Mainichi. Weller was an award-winning reporter for the now-defunct Chicago Daily News. [....] By hiring a Japanese rowboat, catching trains and later posing as a U.S. Army colonel, Weller slipped into Nagasaki in early September 1945, Mainichi reported - about a month after the bombing on Aug. 9 that killed about 70,000 people instantly. In a Sept. 8, 1945, dispatch, Weller wrote of walking through the city - a 'wasteland of war' - and finding evidence to back the talk of radiation fallout in American radio news reports. [....] The United States dropped two atomic bombs - the first on Hiroshima on Aug. 6, and the second three days later on Nagasaki, about 614 miles southwest of Tokyo. The twin bombings led to Japan's surrender on Aug. 15, 1945, which ended World War II. Weller, who died in 2002, was the first foreign journalist to set foot in the devestated city, which Gen. Douglas MacArthur, head of the U.S. occupation in Japan, had designated off-limits to reporters, the newspaper said. Carbon copies of his stories, running to about 25,000 words on 75 typed pages, along with more than two dozen photos, were discovered by his son Anthony last summer [2004] at Weller's apartment in Rome, Italy, Mainichi said. Anthony Weller, a novelist living in Annisquam, Mass., couldn't be reached for comment. He previously said he plans to publish his father's stories. Though he skirted American authorities to get into Nagasaki, Weller submitted his reports - the first was dated Sept. 6 - to the censors. The stories infuriated MacArthur, and he personally ordered them quashed. The originals were never returned to Weller. Anthony Weller told Mainichi he thought wartime officials wanted to hush up stories about radiation sickness and feared that his father's reports would sway American public opinion against building an arsenal of nuclear bombs. The first batch of stories was finished just as a delegation of American scientists was to visit the city to test for radiation. [....] 'The atomic bomb's peculiar 'disease,' uncured because it is untreated and untreated because it is not diagnosed, is still snatching away lives here,' Weller wrote. Weller was 95 when he died in December 2002. [....] He also covered the French Indochina war in Southeast Asia and World War II in Europe." [Based on: A.P. article, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, p. A8, 06/20/05]

*Trivia: "[....] A Japanese professor, Dr. K. Yagasaki, has calculated that 800 tons of DU is the atomicity equivalent of 83,000 Nagasaki bombs. The U.S. has used more DU since 1991 than the atomicity equivalent of 400,000 Nagasaki bombs. [....]"

[Based on: http://www.sfbayview.com/081804/depleteduranium081804.shtml]

1945 - U.S. Forces / South Korea - September 8th, 1945: "U.S. forces entered Korea south of 38th parallel to displace Japanese Sept. 8." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 548]

1945 - Gen. Douglas MacArthur / Japan - September 9th, 1945: "Gen. Douglas MacArthur took over supervision of Japan Sept. 9." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 548]

1945 - OSS Abolished / U.S.A. - October 1st, 1945: "The OSS [Office of Strategic Services] was abolished and its functions transferred to the State and War Departments."

1945 - U.S. Guided Missile Battalion - "In October, the U.S. Army established it's first Guided Missile Battalion, with the Army Guard Forces." [Link: 1]

1945 - Birth / Henry Winkler - October 30th, 1945: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actor, Henry Winkler."

1945 - Birth / Neil Young - November 12th, 1945: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer-songwriter, Neil Young."

1945 - Birth / Frida - November 15th, 1945: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Pop singer (ABBA) Frida."

1945 - Birth / Goldie Hawn - November 21st, 1945: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actress, Goldie Hawn."

1945 - Birth / John McVie - November 26th, 1945: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Pop musician, John McVie."

1945 - Communist Federation / Yugoslavia - November 29th, 1945: "Josef Tito remade Yugoslavia as a federation under communist rule after WWII. He kept it intact by suppressing ethnic rivalries. His actions that angered Serbs included granting Vojvodina and Kosovo autonomy." [Based on: St. Louis Post-Dispatch, p. A12, 06/26/05]

*Links: http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Yugoslavia.html

1945 - Paul Twitchell  / Washington D.C. - December 1945: "[....] Ms. Ballowe writes that Paul and she went to New York City after the war. There, Twitchell embarked on a literary career. He later became associated with Our Navy magazine as a correspondent; a job which, in December of 1945, took him to Washington, D.C." [Link: ]

1945 - German Rocket Engineers / U.S.A. - December 1945: "In 1945, the Secretary Of War approved plans to bring top German rocket engineers to the U.S., in order to further knowledge and technology.  Fifty five German scientists arrived at Fort Bliss and White Sands Proving Grounds, in December." [Link: 1] 

1945 - Birth / Bette Midler - December 1st, 1945: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actress-singer, Bette Midler."

1945 - Birth / Chris Matthews - December 17th, 1945: "Christopher Matthews (born December 17, 1945) is an American news anchor and political commentator, known for his nightly hour-long talk show, Hardball with Chris Matthews, which is televised on the American cable television channel MSNBC. On weekends he hosts the syndicated NBC News-produced panel discussion program, The Chris Matthews Show. Matthews makes frequent appearances as a political commentator on many NBC and MSNBC programs."

[Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Matthews] - [T.D. - 11/17/08]

1945 - Birth / Diane Sawyer - December 22nd, 1945: "Reportedly born on this date in history: ABC News correspondent, Diane Sawyer."

1945 - Birth / Davy Jones - December 30th, 1945: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer, Davy Jones."

1945 - Discovery / Nag Hammadi Library - "In December 1945 two peasant brothers were digging for fertilizer in a cemetary near the town of Nag Hammadi when they came upon a large sealed jar containing thirteen leather-bound books. The books' papyrus leaves contained an assortment of scriptures, written in the tradition that was later to be called Gnostic [esoteric insight]. Inherently Christian works, but with Jewish overtones, they became known as the Nag Hammadi Library. The books were written in the ancient Coptic language of Egypt during early Christian times. The Coptic Museum in Cairo assertained that they were, in fact, copies of much older works originally composed in Greek. Indeed some of the texts were discovered to have very early origins, incorporating traditions from before AD 50. Included in the fifty-two separate tractates are various religious texts and certain hitherto unknown Gospels. They tend to portray an environment very different from that portrayed in the Bible. The cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, for example, are not presented as centers of wickedness and debauchery, but as cities of great wisdom and learning. They describe a world in which Jesus gives his own account of the Crucifixion, and in which his relationship with Mary Magdalene reaches enlightening proportions."

1945 - World Bank - "Since October 1929, the US dollar had been tied to gold at the rate of $35/oz., and the key decision of the conference was the Dollar Standard — the US$ was to be adopted as the medium for international trade and settlement whilst the US government would be able to print as many dollars as would be required to rebuild Europe and regenerate international trade once protective tariffs were lifted. The British pound [Sterling] was intended to play a mediating role in those regions already tied to Sterling.
   "The Institutions which were planned at Bretton Woods to oversee this arrangement include the World Bank, launched late in 1945 and officially called the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development [IBRD], intended to provide long-term loans to states for reconstruction after the devastation of the War, the I.M.F. [International Monetary Fund] launched in 1946 and intended to finance short-term imbalances in international payments and help maintain fixed exchange rates, linking all currencies to gold via the Dollar Standard, and in October 1947 the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade [GATT] to oversee the dismantling of trade barriers." [Link 1]

*Trivia: "Crushing national debt in many developing nations is producing armies of 'career terrorists,' Noreena Hertz writes in 'The Debt Threat,' a chilling look at perilous trends threatening the planet's stability and viability [....] Hertz builds a case that unemployment and a lack of educational, health and other services provide the environment for fatalistic world views to grow. And those deprivations are direct results of the debt burdens many of the world's poorest nations carry, she contends. Because of the debt payments owed to the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, export credit agencies, commercial banks and other lenders, the government's don't have money left to provide adequate social services or to invest in infrastructure and jobs. As a result, Hertz writes, people become susceptible to extremist groups and drug dealers. [....] But terrorism is only one part of the debt threat Hertz spells out. She also focuses on environmental perils that are growing, including global warming. Debt-burdened countries must use their cheapest resources, so they cut forests, drain wetlands and burn areas for agriculture, causing pollution and other environmental devestation." [Based on article by Cecil Johnson, The Fort Worth Star-Telegram, posted in The St. Louis Post-Dispatch, p. C5, 02/04/05]

*Trivia: "[....] Economically, the American Empire was born with Bretton Woods in 1945. The U.S. dollar was not fully convertible to gold, but was made convertible to gold only to foreign governments. This established the dollar as the reserve currency of the world. It was possible, because during WWII, the United States had supplied its allies with provisions, demanding gold as payment, thus accumulating significant portion of the world's gold. An Empire would not have been possible if, following the Bretton Woods arrangement, the dollar supply was kept limited and within the availability of gold, so as to fully exchange back dollars for gold. However, the guns-and-butter policy of the 1960's was an imperial one: the dollar supply was relentlessly increased to finance Vietnam and LBJ's Great Society. Most of those dollars were handed over to foreigners in exchange for economic goods, without the prospect of buying them back at the same value. The increase in dollar holdings of foreigners via persistent U.S. trade deficits was tantamount to a tax - the classical inflation tax that a country imposes on its own citizens, this time around an inflation tax that U.S. imposed on rest of the world. [....]"

[Based on: Article (The Proposed Iranian Oil Bourse) by Krassimir Petrov, Ph. D.]
http://news.goldseek.com/GoldSeek/1137510262.php]

1945 - FDC Amendment - "In 1945, the FDC Act was amended to require certification of the safety and efficacy of penicillin."

1946

1946 - Baby Boom Begins / U.S.A. - "U.S. 1946-1964 Baby Boom begins."

1946 - Status / U.S. National Debt - "The U.S. national debt, which was only $16 billion in 1930, reaches a peak of $269 billion in 1946 but this borrowing is also made at very low interest rates. Whereas the economies of most European countries are devasted, the U.S. gross national product rises substantially." [Link: 1]

1946 - International Monetary Fund - "Since October 1929, the US dollar had been tied to gold at the rate of $35/oz., and the key decision of the conference was the Dollar Standard — the US$ was to be adopted as the medium for international trade and settlement whilst the US government would be able to print as many dollars as would be required to rebuild Europe and regenerate international trade once protective tariffs were lifted. The British pound [Sterling] was intended to play a mediating role in those regions already tied to Sterling.
   "The Institutions which were planned at Bretton Woods to oversee this arrangement include the World Bank, launched late in 1945 and officially called the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development [IBRD], intended to provide long-term loans to states for reconstruction after the devastation of the War, the I.M.F. [International Monetary Fund] launched in 1946 and intended to finance short-term imbalances in international payments and help maintain fixed exchange rates, linking all currencies to gold via the Dollar Standard, and in October 1947 the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade [GATT] to oversee the dismantling of trade barriers." [Link 1]

*Trivia: "Crushing national debt in many developing nations is producing armies of 'career terrorists,' Noreena Hertz writes in 'The Debt Threat,' a chilling look at perilous trends threatening the planet's stability and viability [....] Hertz builds a case that unemployment and a lack of educational, health and other services provide the environment for fatalistic world views to grow. And those deprivations are direct results of the debt burdens many of the world's poorest nations carry, she contends. Because of the debt payments owed to the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, export credit agencies, commercial banks and other lenders, the government's don't have money left to provide adequate social services or to invest in infrastructure and jobs. As a result, Hertz writes, people become susceptible to extremist groups and drug dealers. [....] But terrorism is only one part of the debt threat Hertz spells out. She also focuses on environmental perils that are growing, including global warming. Debt-burdened countries must use their cheapest resources, so they cut forests, drain wetlands and burn areas for agriculture, causing pollution and other environmental devestation." [Based on article by Cecil Johnson, The Fort Worth Star-Telegram, posted in The St. Louis Post-Dispatch, p. C5, 02/04/05]

1946 - Indian Claims Commission Act - "There is some speculation that this act originated, in part, as a response to the role the United States played at the Nuremberg trials. The act was designed to provide legal recourse to those Native Americans who felt that their land was unjustly taken away from them. The act established a Claims Commission, which was responsible for hearing cases brought forward by Native Americns. The commission, however, was not empowered to return land to any Native American; rather, it was required to assign a monetary value to the land in question - 'at the time it was taken.' As a result, awards given out by the commission tended to be very small. In general, the act gave the United States the tool with which to legitimize its claim to Native American lands."

*Trivia: "Archaeologists led reporters into a remote canyon Wednesday [06/30/04] to reveal an almost perfectly preserved picture of ancient life: stone pit houses, granaries and a bounty of artifacts kept secret for more than a half century [since about 1950]. [....] Archaeologists said the villiages were occupied more than 1,000 years ago and may be as old as 4,500 years. [....] Hundreds of granaries, ranging from cupboard-sized to several yards across, are in some cases hundreds of feet up nearly inaccessible cliffs. [....] Waldo Wilcox, the rancher who sold the land and returned Wednesday [06/30/04], kept the archaeological sites a closely guarded secret for more than 50 years." [By Paul Foy, A.P., 07/01/04]

1946 - French Forces / North Vietnam - "In 1946, France recognized Vietnam as a 'free state' within the French Union. French troops replace Chinese in the North."

*Trivia: "In 1946, following months of steadily deteriorating relations, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam launched its first consorted attack against the French."

1946  - U.S. Outer Space Research Program - January, 1946: "In January, the U.S. outer space research program was started with captured V-2 rockets.  A V-2 panel of representatives of interested agencies was formed, and more than 60 rockets were fired before the supply was finally exhausted." [Link: 1]  

1946 - First Meeting / United Nations - January 10th, 1946: "First meeting of the United Nations."

1946 - Birth / Dolly Parton - January 19th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Country singer, Dolly Parton."

1946 - Steel Strike / U.S.A. - January 21st, 1946: "Steel strike by 750,000 started Jan. 21, settled in 4 weeks." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 549]

1946 - Central Intelligence Group / U.S.A. - January 22nd, 1946: "After disbanding the OSS on 1 October 1945, President Truman established the Central Intelligence Group [CIG] on 22 January 1946. Although its budget and staff came from the several departments that maintained intelligence services, this new organization was headed by a Director of Central Intelligence [DCI], appointed by the President to serve under the supervision of a National Intelligence Authority made up of the Secretaries of State, War, and Navy and the President’s personal representative. Thus, there was a Director of Central Intelligence almost two years before there was a Central Intelligence Agency."

*Trivia: "The current [2004] questions about restructuring U.S. intelligence are similar to those raised more than  a half-century ago when the national security system was set up, says former CIA director William H. Webster. [....] Christopher Briem, a researcher at the University of Pittsburgh's Center for Social and Urban Research, says Missourians 'were the key players in the creation in the CIA and setting up the intelligence structure that has lasted until now.' One was Rear Adm. Sidney Souers of St. Louis. Though operating largely in the background, he was an architect of the modern national security system, helping define the nature of the National Security Council and the CIA in the early days of the Cold War. [....] Souers served for five months before Truman named him the first executive secretary of the National Security Council. For the next seven years, Souers served as a trusted advisor to Truman on national security matters. The two men left Washington in early 1953 and returned to Missouri. Souers became head of General American Life Insurance Co. in St. Louis. When Truman had initially turned to Souers to help choose among competing ideas for a new intelligence structure, he asked the St. Louisan to work with Clark Clifford, another Missourian and a leading national security and political figure in Washington. The president signed the directive devised by Clifford and Souers on Jan. 22, 1946, Briem said. 'The trust that the president had in his fellow Missourians, Sidney Souers and Clark Clifford, facilitated President Truman's acceptance of a new intelligence organization.' Webster, a St. Louisan, says he and Clifford 'had conversations over the years' about the evolving national security apparatus. Webster has his own place in the history of U.S. intelligence as the only person to have led both the CIA and the FBI." [Based on: Post-Dispatch Washington Bureau article by Philip Dine, 08/24/04]

1946 -  1st Digital Computer / ENIAC - February 1st, 1946: "In 1946, ENIAC, the World's First Automatic Digital Computer, was Introduced."

*Trivia: "The National Safety Council (NSC) estimates that 315 million computers will be junked in 2004, up from 20 million in 1998. In 1998 (the last year this was monitored), only 11 percent of the PCs that were thrown out were recycled. Unfortunately, old PCs tossed into landfills contain dangerous chemicals and metals that can leak toxins into the environment - a good reason to recycle your machine when you buy a new one." [Based on: Leo Laporte's 2005 Technology Almanac, p. 3]

1946 - New Phrase / "Iron Curtain" - March 5th, 1946: "At a speech at a Fulton, MO, college, Mar. 5, Winston Churchill employed the phrase 'iron curtain.' " [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 549]

1946 - Birth / David Gilmour - March 6th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Rock singer (Pink Floyd), David Gilmour."

1946 - Signed / Franco-Vietnamese Accords - March 6th, 1945: "Franco-Vietnamese accords signed." [Based on: S.L.P.D. p. A5, 04/25/05]

1946 - 1st American-Built V-2 Rocket - March 15th, 1946: "On March 15, the first American-built V-2 rocket was static-fired at the White Sands Proving Grounds."  [Link: 1]  

1946 - American WAC Rocket - March 22nd, 1946: "The first American-built rocket to leave the earth's atmosphere (the WAC) was launched on March 22nd. It was launched from White Sands, and attained 50 miles of altitude." [Link: 1] 

1946 - Earthquake / Uninak Island, Alaska - April 1st, 1946: "Earthquake location: Unimak Island, Alaska. Earthquake magnitude: 7.3. Number of recorded fatalities: 165."  

1946 - Mine Workers Strike / U.S.A. - April 1st, 1946: "Strike by 400,000 mine workers began Apr. 1 (settled May 29th); other industries followed." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 549]

1946 - Birth / Al Green - April 13th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer, Al Green."

1946 - 1st American V-2 Launch - April, 1946: "The first actual launch of an American-built V-2 took place at White Sands in April.  The U.S. Army began a program to develop two stage rockets.  This resulted in the WAC Corporal as the 2nd stage of a V-2. [Link 1]  

1946 - Politics and the English Language / George Orwell - April 1946: "Most people who bother with the matter at all would admit that the English language is in a bad way, but it is generally assumed that we cannot by conscious action do anything about it. Our civilization is decadent, and our language—so the argument runs—must inevitably share in the general collapse. It follows that any struggle against the abuse of language is a sentimental archaism, like preferring candles to electric light or hansom cabs to aeroplanes. Underneath this lies the half-conscious belief that language is a natural growth and not an instrument which we shape for our own purposes. [....]."

[Based on: http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/essays/politics-english-language1.htm]

1946 - Birth / Greg Gumbel - May 3rd, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Sports announcer, Greg Gumbel."

1946 - Birth / Donovan - May 10th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer, Donovan."

1946 - Birth / Cher - May 20th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer-actress, Cher."

1946 - Birth / Donald Trump - June 14th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Real estate developer, Donald Trump."

1946 - Birth / Barry Manilow - June 14th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer, Barry Manilow."

1946 - Earthquake / Vancouver Island, B.C., Canada - June 23rd, 1946: "Earthquake location: Vancouver Island, B.C., Canada. Earthquake magnitude: 7.3. Number of recorded fatalities: 0."  

1946 - Birth / Gilda Radner - June 28th, 1946: "Reportedly born this date in history: Actress / Comedian, Gilda Radner."

1946 - U.S. Atomic Bomb Test / Bikini Atoll, Pacific Ocean - July 1st, 1946: "Atomic bomb tested off Bikini Atoll in Pacific, July 1." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 549]

1946 - U.S. Atmospheric & Underwater Tests / Marshall Islands - July 1946: "The U.S. begins atmospheric and underwater tests of weapons designs in the Marshall Islands." [Based on: N.G.M., August 2005, p. 103]

1946 - Independence / Philippines - July 4th, 1946: "Philippines given independence by U.S. July 4."  [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 549]

1946 - Birth / George W. Bush - July 6th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: George W. Bush, the 43rd U.S. President [Republican]."

1946 - Birth / Sylvester Stallone - July 6th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actor-director, Sylvester Stallone."

1946 - Birth / Cheech Marin - July 13th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actor-comedian, Cheech Marin."

1946 - Birth / Linda Ronstadt - July 15th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer, Linda Ronstadt."

1946 - Birth / Gallagher - July 24th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Comedian, Gallagher."

1946 - Dean Martin & Jerry Lewis - Entertainment highlights during the week of July 23-29, 1946: "Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis began their partnership as a nightclub song and comedy act with a performance in Atlantic City, N.J. They split up in 1956." [Based on: Article (THAT WAS THE WEEK THAT WAS), p. D5, S.L.P.D., 07/24/06]

1946 - Saturn in Leo - August 2nd, 1946 - July 19th, 1949: "On this date in history, the planet Saturn entered the sign of Leo." [E.M.]

1946 - Earthquake / Dominican Republic - August 4th, 1946: "Earthquake location: Dominican Republic. Earthquake magnitude: 8.0. Number of recorded fatalities: 100."  

1946 - Birth / Loni Anderson - August 5th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actress, Loni Anderson."

1946 - Birth / Bill Clinton - August 19th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Former U.S. President, Bill Clinton."

1946 - Birth / Connie Chung - August 20th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: TV journalist, Connie Chung."

1946 - Birth / Barry Gibb - September 1st, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: singer, Barry Gibb."

1946 - Birth / Oliver Stone - September 15th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Movie director, Oliver Stone."

1946 - Birth / Tommy Lee Jones - September 15th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actor, Tommy Lee Jones."

1946 - Project [Operation] Paperclip / U.S.A. - September 1946:

After WWII ended in 1945, victorious Russian and American intelligence teams began a treasure hunt throughout occupied Germany for military and scientific booty. They were looking for things like new rocket and aircraft designs, medicines, and electronics. But they were also hunting down the most precious "spoils" of all: the scientists whose work had nearly won the war for Germany. The engineers and intelligence officers of the Nazi War Machine.

The U.S. Military rounded up Nazi scientists and brought them to America. It had originally intended merely to debrief them and send them back to Germany. But when it realized the extent of the scientists knowledge and expertise, the War Department decided it would be a waste to send the scientists home. Following the discovery of flying discs (foo fighters), particle/laser beam weaponry in German military bases, the War Department decided that NASA and the CIA must control this technology, and the Nazi engineers that had worked on this technology.

There was only one problem: it was illegal. U.S. law explicitly prohibited Nazi officials from immigrating to America - and as many as three-quarters of the scientists in question had been committed Nazis.

Data-Points:

Convinced that German scientists could help America's postwar efforts, President Harry Truman agreed in September 1946 to authorize "Project Paperclip," a program to bring selected German scientists to work on America's behalf during the "Cold War"

[....]

When the JIOA formed to investigate the backgrounds and form dossiers on the Nazis, the Nazi Intelligence leader Reinhard Gehlen met with the CIA director Allen Dulles. Dulles and Gehlen hit it off immediatly. Gehlen was a master spy for the Nazis and had infilitrated Russia with his vast Nazi Intelligence network. Dulles promised Gehlen that his Intelligence unit was safe in the CIA.

Apparently, Wev decided to sidestep the problem. Dulles had the scientists dossier's re-written to eliminate incriminating evidence. As promised, Allen Dulles delivered the Nazi Intelligence unit to the CIA, which later opened many umbrella projects stemming from Nazi mad research. (MK-ULTRA / ARTICHOKE, OPERATION MIDNIGHT CLIMAX)

Military Intelligence "cleansed" the files of Nazi refrences. By 1955, more than 760 German scientists had been granted citizenship in the U.S. and given prominent positions in the American scientific community. Many had been longtime members of the Nazi party and the Gestapo, had conducted experiments on humans at concentration camps, had used slave labor, and had comitted other war crimes.

[....]

Project Paperclip was stopped in 1957, when West Germany protested to the U.S. that these efforts had stripped it of "scientific skills." There was no comment about supporting Nazis. Paperclip may have ended in 1957, but as you can see from Licio Gelli and his international dealings with the CIA in Italy/P2, and Heinrich Rupp with his involvement in October Surprise, the ramifications of Paperclip are world-wide. The Nazis became employed CIA agents, engaging in clandestine work with the likes of George Bush, the CIA, Henry Kissenger, and the Masonic P2 lodge. This is but one of the results of Operation Paperclip. Another umbrella project that was spawned from Paperclip was MK-ULTRA. [....]

[Based on: http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Fascism/Operation_Paperclip_file.html]

1946 - Birth / Justin Hayward - October 14th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer-musician, Justin Hayward [Lead Singer, The Moody Blues]."

1946 - Birth / Richard Carpenter - October 15th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer-musician, Richard Carpenter."

1946 - Birth / Suzanne Somers - October 16th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actress, Suzanne Somers."

1946 - Trivia / V-2 Technology - "On October 24th, a V-2 with a motion picture camera was launched.  It recorded images from 65 miles above the earth, covering 40,000 square miles." [Link: 1] 

1946 - Birth / Pat Sajak - October 26th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: TV host, Pat Sajak."

1946 - Birth / Laura Bush - November 4th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: First Lady, Laura Bush."

1946 - Birth / Sally Field - November 6th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actress, Sally Field."

1946 - Beginning / First Indochina War - December 9th, 1946: "Vietmihn attack French forces in Tonkin, beginning the First Indochina War." [Based on: S.L.P.D. p. A5, 04/25/05]

1946 -  Trivia / V-2 Technology - "On December 17th, the first night-flight of a V-2 occurred.  It achieved a record making 116 miles of altitude, and velocity of 3600 mph.  German rocket engineers arrived in Russia to begin work with Soviet rocket research groups   Sergei Korolev built rockets using technology from the V-2." [Link: 1]  

1946 - Birth / Steven Spielberg - December 18th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Movie producer-director, Steven Spielberg."

1946 - Earthquake / Nankaido, Japan - December 20th, 1946: "Earthquake location: Nankaido, Japan. Earthquake magnitude: 8.1. Number of recorded fatalities: 1,330."  

1946 - Birth / Susan Lucci - December 23rd, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actress, Susan Lucci."

1946 - Established / UNICEF - December 11th, 1946: "UNICEF established, 1946." [Based on: The Old Farmer's Almanac (2006) by Robert B. Thomas, p. 99]

1946 - Birth / Patti Smith - December 30th, 1946: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer, Patti Smith."

1946 - Tavistok Institute of Human Relations -

The Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, a novel, interdisciplinary, action orientated research organisation, was founded in London in 1946 with the aid of a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation. It was set up for the specific purpose of actively relating the psychological and social sciences to the needs and concerns of society. In sustaining this endeavour for more than fifty years, it has won international recognition.

The circumstances of World War Two brought together an unusually talented group of psychiatrists, clinical and social psychologists and anthropologists in the setting of the British Army, where they developed a number of radical innovations in social psychiatry and applied social science. They became known as the Tavistock Group because the core members had been at the pre-war Tavistock Clinic. Though only some of them continued their involvement with the post-war Tavistock organisation, those who did built on the war-time achievements to introduce a number of far-reaching developments in several fields. This style of research related theory and practice in a new way.

The objectives of the Institute were to study human relations in conditions of wellbeing, conflict or breakdown, in the family, the community, the work group and the larger organisation, and to promote the health and effectiveness of individuals and organisations.

Since that time, the Tavistock Institute has evolved into an organisation that does research and consultancy, evaluation and professional development work in support of change and learning. We try to contribute to the development of the social sciences by publishing our work. We also own and edit Human Relations, an international social science journal, and edit the journal Evaluation.

The Institute was located in the Tavistock Centre in Belsize Park, which we shared with the Tavistock Clinic until the summer of 1994, when we moved to our current office in central London.

More information about us, our publications, our work and our current interests can be found on this website. A more detailed account of our history can be found in The Social Engagement of Social Science - A Tavistock Anthology published by the University of Pennsylvania Press in three volumes between 1990 and 1997, (ISBN 081228912-6, 081228193-4 and 081228194-2). A history of the Tavistock Clinic can be found on the website of the Tavistock & Portman NHS Trust.

[Based on: Tavistok Institute article (HISTORY) [T.D. 12/02/06] - [see link]
http://www.tavinstitute.org/index.php?mode=063d0d25586e5520&location=533208655f34024b514b07125a4b
083a57300a62033f0267046957385e2351615b640a235b3a5a6b066f513b0d665162544f5c4d034b05480734
01310b33 [© 2002 The Tavistock Institute | 30 Tabernacle Street | London EC2A 4UE]

1946 - Founded / Stanford Research Institute, U.S.A. - [....]

Jesse Hobson, the first president of Stanford Research Institute, in a 1952 speech made it clear what lines the institute was to follow. Stanford can be described as one of the "jewels" in Tavistock's Crown in its rule over the United States. Founded in 1946 immediately after the close of WWII, it was presided over by Charles A. Anderson, with emphasis on mind control research and "future sciences." Included under the Stanford umbrella was Charles F. Kettering Foundation which developed the "Changing Images of Man" upon which the Aquarian Conspiracy rests.

Some of Stanford's major clients and contracts were at first centered around the defense establishment but, as Stanford grew, so, did the diversity of its services: Applications of Behavioral Sciences to Research Management Office of Science and Technology

SRI Business Intelligence Program
U.S. Department of Defense Directorate of Defense Research and Engineering
U.S. Department of Defense Office of Aerospace Research

Among corporations seeking Stanford's services were Wells Fargo Bank, Bechtel Corporation, Hewlett Packard, Bank of America, McDonnell Douglas Corporation, Blyth, Eastman Dillon and TRW Company. One of Stanford's more secret projects was extensive work on chemical and bacteriological warfare (CAB) weapons.

Stanford Research is plugged into at least 200 smaller "think tanks" doing research into every facet of life in America. This is ARPA networking and represents the emergence of probably the most far reaching effort to control the environment of every individual in the country. At present Stanford's computers are linked with 2500 "sister" research consoles which include the CIA, Bell Telephone Laboratories, U.S. Army Intelligence, The Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI), Rand, MIT, Harvard and UCLA. Stanford plays a key role in that it is the "library", cataloging all ARPA documentation.

"Other agencies".....one can use one's imagination here, are allowed to search through SRI's "library" for key words, phrases, look through sources and update their own master files with those of Stanford Research Center. The Pentagon uses SRI's master files extensively, and there is little doubt that other U.S. Government agencies do the same. Pentagon "command and control" problems are worked out by Stanford.

While ostensibly these apply only to weapons and soldiers, there is absolutely no guarantee that the same research could not , and will not be turned to civilian applications. Stanford is known to be willing to do anything for anyone.

[....]

[Based on: barefootsworld.net article (- TAVISTOCK - THE BEST KEPT SECRET IN AMERICA / CONSPIRATORS' HIERARCHY: THE STORY OF THE COMMITTEE OF 300) by Dr. John Coleman, 08/18/97] - [T.D. 12/02/06] - [see link]

*Link: http://www.barefootsworld.net/tavistok.html 

*Trivia: "In 2006, SRI International celebrates 60 years of R&D innovation for its government, business, and foundation clients. Since its founding, SRI has been committed to discovery and to the application of science and technology for knowledge, commerce, prosperity, and peace."

[Based on: SRI article (SRI International's 60th Anniversary) [T.D. 12/02/06] - see link
*Link: http://www.sri.com/about/60years.html

1946 - Baby and Child Care - "Dr. Benjamin Spock's Baby and Child Care published as 1946-64 baby boom began." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 549]

1946 - Autobiography of a Yogi / Paramahansa Yogananda - "Mahavatar Babaji is a legendary Hindu saint, yogi, and culture hero. His life was first documented by Paramahansa Yogananda in his best-selling Autobiography of a Yogi (1946) and later accounts have added to Babaji's biography. [....]"

[Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji] - [T.D. - 01/07/07]

1946 - Earthquake Trivia / 1946 - "Number of notable earthquakes this year: at least 5. Number of earthquake deaths: 1,595." [E.M.]

1947

1947 - Beginning / Doomsday Clock? - "In 1947, the Doomsday Clock began to be published in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists - it was set at 7 minutes till midnight."

1947 - Independence / Burma - January, 1947: "Burma is granted Independence from Britain."

1947 - Birth / David Bowie - January 8th, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Rock singer, David Bowie."

1947 - Birth / Farrah Fawcett - February 2nd, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actress, Farrah Fawcett."

1947 - Birth / Dave Davies - February 3rd, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer-guitarist (The Kinks), Dave Davies."

1947 - Trivia / Russian V-2 Rockets - "In 1947, the Russians began launch tests of their V2 rockets, at Kapustin Yar." [Link 1]    

1947 - Trivia / Rocket Telemetry - "Telemetry was successfully used for the first time in a V-2, launched from White Sands." [Link 1]    

1947 - Trivia / Rocket Technology - "On February 20th, the first of a series of rockets was launched for the purpose of testing ejection canister effectivity." [Link 1]    

1947 - Discovered / Dead Sea Scrolls - February 1947: "In February, 1947, young Bedouin shepherds, searching for a stray goat in the Judean Desert, entered a long-untouched cave and found jars filled with ancient scrolls. Reportedly, the excavations at Qumran have produced relics dating from about 3,500 B.C. According to the Copper Scroll, old Qumran was called Sekhakha." [Link: 1]

1947 - Conflict / Jerusalem - March, 1947: "In March, British barricade Jewish settlements in Jerusalem to contain incidents of violence."

1947 - Birth / Rob Reiner - March 6th, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actor-director, Rob Reiner."

1947 - The Truman Doctrine - March 12th, 1947: "In a speech on 12 March 1947, U.S. President Truman formulated what was to be called 'The Truman Doctrine' in terms of the need to provide aid to the governments of Greece and Turkey, but the speech contained the clear implication that Truman was proposing a new global role for the United States." [Link: 1] 

1947 - Birth / Glenn Close - March 19th, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actress, Glenn Close."

1947 - Passed / 22nd U.S. Amendment - March 21st, 1947: "22nd U.S. Constitutional amendment ['Presidential Term Limits'] passed." [Link: 1]

1947 - Birth / Elton John - March 25th, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer, Elton John."

1947 - Jackie Robinson / Brooklyn Dodgers - April 11th, 1947: "Jackie Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers ... breaking the color barrier in major league baseball." [The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 549]

1947 - Birth / David Letterman - April 12th, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Talk show host, David Letterman."

1947 - Birth / Kareem Abdul-Jabbar - April 15th, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Basketball Hall-of-Famer, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar."

1947 - V-2 Accident / Juarez Mexico - "On May 29, a modified V-2 landed 1.5 miles south of Juarez, Mexico, narrowly missing a large ammunition dump." [Link: 1]    

1947 - Marshall Plan - June 5th, 1947: "On June 5, 1947, US Secretary of State George Marshall announced the Marshall Plan — a huge loan program extended to all the European countries. At first it was intended that the Soviet Union and the Eastern European countries would benefit from the Marshall Plan, but at a Conference in Paris in July 1947, the war-devastated USSR was told they would get no aid and countries like Poland and Czechoslovakia were faced with the choice of lining up with the US to destroy the Soviet Union [whose Army still had a considerable presence on their own soil!] or be excluded from the Plan and from trade with those countries which were to benefit. This more or less marked the beginning of the Cold War [though the term had been coined by US Navy expert George Kennan in late 1946]. Marshall Aid was then used systematically to pressure governments and voters in countries like Britain, France and Italy into rejecting Communism in exchange for Aid, while Keynesian Economic policies were used to provide welfare and jobs for the workers." [Link 1]

1947 - Taft-Hartley Act - June 23rd, 1947: "On June 23, the Taft-Hartley Act, which banned closed union shops, created the National Labor Relations Board and gave the president the power to seek an 80-day injunction against any strike. The Act was passed over Truman's veto - who called it a 'slave-labor bill.' " [Link: 1]

1947 - Birth / Jimmie Walker - June 25th, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actor-comedian, Jimmie Walker."

1947 - UFO Investigations / United States - "From June 1947 through December 1969 the Air Force was primarily responsible for investigating unidentified flying object [UFO] phenomena. Investigations were conducted by the Air Technical Intelligence Center [ATIC] at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio until December 17, 1969. All records of these investigations [known as Project Sign, 1947-1949, Project Grudge, 1949-1952, and Project Blue Book, 1952-1969] were retired to the National Archives and Records Administration and are available to the public on archives microfilm publication T1206 [94 rolls of 35 mm film]." [Link 1]

1947 - Trivia / Roswell, New Mexico - July 1st, 1947: "Base radar at the army's 509th airfield outside of Roswell had been tracking strange blips all night on July 1st, 1947." [The Day After Roswell, Col. Philip J. Corso, with William J. Birnes]

1947 - Roswell Incident / Roswell, New Mexico- July 1947: "The Roswell incident of July 2-4 leads many to believe that the U.S. government covered up an extraterrestrial alien landing in New Mexico." [Link: 1]

1947 - Birth / O.J. Simpson - July 9th, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Football star, O.J. Simpson."

1947 - Birth / Arlo Guthrie - July 10th, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Folk singer, Arlo Guthrie."

1947 - Birth / Carlos Santana - July 20th, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Rock musician, Carlos Santana."

1947 - Birth / Danny Glover - July 22nd, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actor, Danny Glover."

1947 - Birth / Don Henley - July 22nd, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Rock singer (The Eagles), Don Henley."

1947 - Signed / National Security Act, U.S.A. - July 26th, 1947:

The National Security Act of 1947 signed July 26, 1947 by U.S. President Harry S. Truman realigned and reorganized the United States' armed forces, foreign policy, and Intelligence Community apparatus in the aftermath of World War II. The majority of the provisions of the Act took effect on 18 September 1947, the day after the Senate confirmed James V. Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense.

The Act merged the Department of War and the Department of the Navy into the National Military Establishment (NME) headed by the Secretary of Defense. It was also responsible for the creation of a separate Department of the Air Force from the existing United States Army Air Forces. Initially, each of the three branches maintained quasi-cabinet status through their individual secretaries, but the act was amended on 10 August 1949 to assure their subordination to the Secretary of Defense. At the same time, the NME was renamed as the Department of Defense.

Aside from the military reorganization, the act established the National Security Council, a central place of coordination for national security policy in the Executive Branch, and the Central Intelligence Agency, the United States' first peacetime intelligence agency.

The act and its changes, along with the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan, were major components of the Truman administration's Cold War strategy.

The bill signing took place aboard Truman's C-54 presidential aircraft Sacred Cow, the predecessor of Air Force One. [....] [Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947]

*Trivia:

Project Paperclip brought us MK-ULTRA. Paperclip ultimately brought in key players involved in the Assassination of Pope 1, October Surprise (sabotage of Carter's peace talks), and a great many other things still classified to this day. The results of Project Paperclip were devastating, and very far reaching. I guess that is what you would expect from collaborating with Nazis.

This research shows that the OSS/CIA that was formed in the National Security Act, the same agency that employed hundreds of Nazis, has been in alliance with the Vatican through various Agency connections such as Licio Gelli. The CIA/Vatican alliance that Assassinated Pope John Paul 1, JFK, and hundreds of dictators of 3rd world countries is the Illuminati.

The Bavarian Illuminati has been around for centuries in one way or another. It's presence in the 20th century is the direct result of the Nazis. The Nazi connections to the occult and the Bavarian Thule Society were parallel to the American members of 33rd degree Freemasonry. When the Operation Paperclip was successfully executed, the Nazi element of the Bavarian Thule society was fused with the American members of Freemasonry to create the Illuminati.

Operation Paperclip, MK-ULTRA, October Surprise, and George Bush are all facets of the Illuminati, a group whose ideals are rooted in the occult, and dedicated to world domination.

Soon after the American Revolution, John Robinson, a professor of rural philosophy at Edinburgh University in Scotland and member of a Freemason lodge, said that he was asked to join the Illuminati. After studying the group, he concluded that the purposes of the Illuminati were not compatible with his beliefs.

In 1798, he published a book called "Proofs Of A Conspiracy," which states:

"An association has been formed for the express purpose of rooting out all the religious establishments and overturning all the existing governments.... The leaders would rule the World with uncontrollable power, while all the rest would be employed as tools of the ambition of their unknown superiors."

The CIA and the Vatican have rooted out all the religious establishemnts in the world. The CIA has overthrown and set up dictators under their control all over the world. The CIA and the Vatican have fullfilled the purpose of the Illuminati. The CIA and the Vatican _are_ the Illuminati.

[Based on: http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Fascism/Operation_Paperclip_file.html]

1947 - Birth / Arnold Schwarzenegger - July 30th, 1947: "Reportedly born [Austria] on this date in history: body-builder, actor, politician, Arnold Schwarzenegger."

1947 - Birth / Ian Anderson - August 10th, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer-flutist (Jethro Tull), Ian Anderson."

1947 - Independence / India & Pakistan - August 15th, 1947: "Indian and Pakistan gain independence from the British Commonwealth."

1947 - Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru / India - "Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister, headed India from 1947 until his death in 1964. He was followed later by his daughter, Indira Gandhi, whose often iron-fisted rule defined two decades of Indian life. Indira was murdered by her own bodyguards in 1984, and her son, Rajiv Gandhi, an airline pilot, reluctantly stepped up. Riding a wave of sympathy, he easily won the next election. But he lost the prime minister's post in 1989 and was assassinated two years later while campaigning." [A.P., 05/14/04]

1947 - 1st Ship-launched V-2 - September, 1947: "The first V-2 to be launched from a ship was launched from the deck of the U.S.S. Midway, on September 6th." [Link 1]   

1947 - Birth / Jane Curtin - September 6th, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Comedian-actress, Jane Curtin76 ."

1947 - National Security Act - September 18th, 1947: "Under the provisions of the National Security Act of 1947 [which became effective on 18 September 1947] the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency were established." [Link: 1]

1947 - Established / CIA, U.S.A. - September 18th, 1947: "The CIA was established by sections of the National Security Act that went into effect on 18 September 1947, a birthday the CIA shares with the US Air Force and the National Security Council, both also created by this Act. RAdm. Roscoe Hillenkoetter, whose tenure as third DCI spanned both CIG and CIA, was reappointed the new Act required." [Link: 1]

1947 - U.S. Air Force - September 18th, 1947: "The U.S. Air Force becomes a separate branch of the military."

1947 - Flooding / Honshu Island, Japan - "Flood date(s): September 20th, 1947. Number of recorded deaths: 1,900." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 207]

1947 - Birth / Stephen King - September 21st, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: writer & movie legend, Stephen King."

1947 - Trivia / Flying Discs - September 23rd, 1947: "General Twining reportedly sent a memo to the general of Army Air Forces in Washington, dated September 23, 1947 addressing, in the most general of terms, the Official Air Material Command's intelligence regarding 'flying discs.' " [The Day After Roswell]

1947 - Birth / Cheryl Tiegs - September 25th, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Model, Cheryl Tiegs."

1947 - Birth / Lynn Anderson - September 26th, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer, Lynn Anderson."

1947 - 'Majestic Twelve' - September 26, 1947: "Three days after the memo, on September 26th, 1947, General Twining gave his report on the Roswell crash and its implications for the United States to President Truman and a short list of officials he convened  to begin the management of this top-secret combination of inquiry, police development, and 'ops.' This working group which included Adm. Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter, Dr Vannevar Bush, Secretary James Forrestal, Gen. Hoyt Vandenberg, Dr. Detlev Bronk, Dr. Jerome Hunsaker, Sidney W. Souers, Gordon Gray, Dr. Donald Menzel, Gen. Robert M. Montague, Dr. Lyoyd V. Berkner, and Gen. Nathan Twining himself, became the nucleous for an on-going 50-year operation that some people have called 'Majestic-12.' " [The Day After Roswell, Col. Philip J. Corso, with William J. Birnes]

1947 - GATT - "Since October 1929, the US dollar had been tied to gold at the rate of $35/oz., and the key decision of the conference was the Dollar Standard — the US$ was to be adopted as the medium for international trade and settlement whilst the US government would be able to print as many dollars as would be required to rebuild Europe and regenerate international trade once protective tariffs were lifted. The British pound [Sterling] was intended to play a mediating role in those regions already tied to Sterling.
   "The Institutions which were planned at Bretton Woods to oversee this arrangement include the World Bank, launched late in 1945 and officially called the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development [IBRD], intended to provide long-term loans to states for reconstruction after the devastation of the War, the I.M.F. [International Monetary Fund] launched in 1946 and intended to finance short-term imbalances in international payments and help maintain fixed exchange rates, linking all currencies to gold via the Dollar Standard, and in October 1947 the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade [GATT] to oversee the dismantling of trade barriers." [Link 1]

1947 - Birth / Sammy Hagar - October 13th, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer-musician, Sammy Hagar."

1947 - Sound Barrier Broken - October 14th, 1947: "American test pilot Captain Charles Yeager broke the sound barrier in a Bell X-1 test plane after reaching speeds in excess of 600mph."

1947 - Earthquake / Fairbanks, Alaska - October 16th, 1947: "Earthquake location: Fairbanks, Alaska. Earthquake magnitude: 7.2. Number of recorded fatalities: 0."  

1947 - Birth / Jaclyn Smith - October 26th, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actress, Jaclyn Smith."

1947 - Birth / Hillary Rodham Clinton - October 26th, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Sen. D-N.Y., Hillary Rodham Clinton."

1947 - Birth / Peter Noone - November 5th, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer, Peter Noone."

1947 - Birth / Joe Walsh - November 20th, 1947: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer, Joe Walsh."

1947 - Palestine Partition - November 29th, 1947: "When Britain, in 1947, first declared it would withdraw from Palestine, the UN stepped in and adopted a plan calling for the partition of Palestine into two states - one Palestinian and one Jewish, with Jerusalem under UN control. Arabs throughout the Middle East rejected the plan, while Jews in Palestine rejoiced - and steeled themselves for war." [N.G.M./October/2002]

*Trivia: "[....] On 29 November 1947 the United Nations General Assembly approved a plan, UN General Assembly Resolution 181, to resolve the Arab-Jewish conflict by partitioning Palestine into two states, one Jewish and one Arab. Each state would comprise three major sections, linked by extraterritorial crossroads; the Arab state would also have an enclave at Jaffa. With about 32% of the population, the Jews would get 56% of the territory, an area that then contained 499,000 Jews and 438,000 Palestinians, though this included the inhospitable Negev Desert in the south. The Palestinians would get 42% of the land, which then had a population of 818,000 Palestinians and 10,000 Jews. In consideration of its religious significance, the Jerusalem area, including Bethlehem, with 100,000 Jews and an equal number of Palestinians, was to become a Corpus Separatum, to be administered by the UN. [....]"

[Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab-Israeli_War] - [T.D. - 04/27/08]

1947 - Trivia / Dead Sea Scrolls - November 29th, 1947: "For nearly two thousand years the scrolls lay undisturbed in their dark, dry cavities. When uncovered shortly after World War II [February? 1947], the first modern eyes to read their scripts and recognize their antiquity were those of E. L. Sukenik, a specialist in Jewish paleography. Coincidentally, it was November 29, 1947, the very day the United Nations voted to partition Palestine in order to create a Jewish state."

*Trivia: "In February, 1947, young Bedouin shepherds, searching for a stray goat in the Judean Desert, entered a long-untouched cave and found jars filled with ancient scrolls. Reportedly, the excavations at Qumran have produced relics dating from about 3,500 B.C. According to the Copper Scroll, old Qumran was called Sekhakha." [Link: 1]

*Trivia: "Since the late fifties, about 40% of the Scrolls, mostly fragments from Cave 4, remained unpublished and were unaccessible. It wasn't until 1991, 44 years after the discovery of the first Scroll, after the pressure for publication mounted, that general access was made available to photographs of the Scrolls. In November of 1991 the photos were published by the Biblical Archaeological Society in a nonofficial edition; a computer reconstruction, based on a concordance, was announced; the Huntington Library pledged to open their microfilm files of all the scroll photographs."

[Based on: http://www.centuryone.com/25dssfacts.html] 

1947 - Destruction / Aleppo Codex - December 1947: "Anti-Jewish riots burn the synagogue of Aleppo that housed [since the 1300s] the thousand-year-old Aleppo Codex of the Hebrew scriptures. The Codex was partially destroyed." [Link: 1]

1947 - Invented / Transistor  - December 16th, 1947: "Reportedly, the transistor was invented by a team of scientists led by William Shockley."

1947 - Blizzard / NYC, N Atlantic States - "Blizzard date(s): December 26th, 1947. Number of recorded deaths: 55." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 206]

1947 - Howdy Doody Show - December 27th, 1947: "The Howdy Doody show debuted."

1947 - Project Sign - December 30th, 1947: "On December 30, 1947, Major General L. C. Craigie, Director of Research and Development, issued an order establishing Project Sign [aka Project Saucer]: ...to collect, collate, evaluate and distribute to interested government agencies and contractors all information concerning sightings and phenomena in the atmosphere which can be construed to be of concern to the national security.
   "There is reliable testimony that in August, 1948, the Technical Intelligence Division at Wright-Patterson and Project Sign, decided to make a formal Estimate of the Situation. The Estimate was a top secret document that contained unexplained sightings by pilots, scientists, and other reliable witnesses. The report concluded that UFOs were of extraterrestrial origin.
   "The Estimate of the Situation was promptly rejected by Air Force Chief of Staff General Hoyt S. Vandenburg. It is said that he deleted the strongest parts of the original report, sent it back, and then, when he received the revised report, he rejected it on the grounds that there was not enough evidence to support the conclusions. Then, after rejecting it, he ordered all copies destroyed. Those inside Project Sign said that their morale and enthusiasm for the project declined sharply after this. Project Sign would soon have its name fittingly changed to Project Grudge." [Link 1]

1947 - Project CHATTER -

Project Chatter was instigated by the US Navy late in 1947. Intelligence rumours of Soviet success with truth drugs fuelled the program. The project was geared to identifying agents both synthetic and natural that were effective during interrogation. The project was centred around, but not restricted to, the use of Anabasis aphylla (an alkaloid), scopolamine and mescaline. The project was halted in 1953, presumably due to limited progress and the success of other projects.

[Based on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_CHATTER]

1947 - Vietminh Activity / Vietnam - "In 1947, Vietminh Move North of Hanoi. French General Etienne Valluy attempts, and fails, to wipe out the Vietminh in one stroke."

1947 - Trivia / C-14 Radiocarbon Dating - "Willard Frank Libby of the University of Chicago discovered the C-14 radiocarbon dating method." [Link: 1]

1947 - Andrija Puharich / Northwestern University - "He [Andrija Puharich] received a medical degree from Northwestern University in 1947. Upon graduation, Puharich developed a slavish interest in clairvoyance and dabbled in theories for electronically enhancing and synthesizing psychic abilities. He joined the Army and took part in certain 'parapsychology' experiments." [Alex Constantine, Virtual Government, p. 11]

1947 - Founded / National Training Laboratories, U.S.A. - [....]

[...] Founded in 1947 by members of the Tavistock network in the United States and located originally on an estate in Bethel, Maine, NTL had as its explicit purpose the brainwashing of leaders of the government, educational institutions, and corporate bureaucracies in the Tavistock method, and then using these "leaders" to either themselves run Tavistock group sessions in their organizations or to hire other similarly trained group leaders to do the job. The "nuts and bolts" of the NTL operation revolves around the particular form of Tavistock degenerate psychology known as "group dynamics," developed by German Tavistock operative Kurt Lewin, who emigrated to the United States in the 1930s and whose students founded NTL. In a Lewinite brainwashing group, a number of individuals from varying backgrounds and personalities, are manipulated by a "group leader" to form a "consensus" of opinion, achieving a new "group identity." The key to the process is the creation of a controlled environment, in which stress is introduced (somtimes called dissonance) to crack an individual's belief structure. Using the peer pressure of other group members, the individual is "cracked," and a new personality emerges with new values. The degrading experience causes the person to deny that any change has taken place. In that way, an individual is brainwashed without the victim knowing what has taken place. [....]

[Based on: barefootsworld.net article (- TAVISTOCK - THE BEST KEPT SECRET IN AMERICA / CONSPIRATORS' HIERARCHY: THE STORY OF THE COMMITTEE OF 300) by Dr. John Coleman, 08/18/97] - [T.D. 12/02/06] - [see link]

*Link: http://www.barefootsworld.net/tavistok.html 

1947 - The Secret of Light - "The Secret of Light, by Walter Russell, copyright 1947."

"Truth is simple. Balance is simple. Rhythmic balanced interchange between all pairs of opposite expressions in Natural phenomena, and in human relations, is the consumate art of God's universe of Light."

[From THE SECRET OF LIGHT (p.2) by Walter Russell, copyright 1947 - Source Link: ]

1947 - Notable Songs of 1947 - "This Land is Your Land" (Woody Guthrie)

1947 - Flood Trivia / 1947 - "Number of notable floods this year: at least 1. Number of flood deaths: 1,900." [E.M.]

1947 - Blizzard Trivia / 1947 - "Number of notable blizzards this year: at least 1. Number of blizzard deaths: 55." [E.M.]

1947 - Earthquake Trivia / 1947 - "Number of notable earthquakes this year: at least 1." [E.M.]

1947 - "Natural Disaster" Deaths / 1947 - "Estimated number of people who died from natural disasters this year: at least 1,955." [E.M.]

1948

1948 - Birth / Kenny Loggins - January 7th, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer, Kenny Loggins."

1948 - Birth / Donald Fagen - January 10th, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer-musician (Steely Dan), Donald Fagen."

1948 - Fatality / Mohandas Gandhi - January 30th: " Mohandas K. Gandhi was shot and killed by a member of the high Hindu caste."

1948 - Emmy Awards - Entertainment highlights during the week of Jan 28 - Feb. 3, 1948: The first Emmy Awards were given for excellence in television. The first Emmy winner was Shirley Dinsdale and her puppet, Judy Splinters, for most outstanding personality. [Based on: Article (THAT WAS THE WEEK THAT WAS), p. E5, S.L.P.D., 01/30/07]

1948 - Birth / Alice Cooper - February 4th, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Rock singer, Alice Cooper."

1948 - Birth / Pat O'Brien - February 14th, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: TV personality, Pat O'Brien."

1948 - Birth / James Taylor - March 12th, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer-songwriter, James Taylor."

1948 - Birth / Billy Crystal - March 14th, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Comedian, Billy Crystal."

1948 - Birth / Steven Tyler - March 26th, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer (Aerosmith), Steven Tyler."

1948 - Birth / Al Gore - March 31st, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Former U.S. Vice president, Al Gore."

1948 - Died / "Sawan Singh" - April 2nd, 1948: "[....] Huzur Sawan Singh died on April 2, 1948, just days after appointing Jagat Singh as his spiritual successor. [....]"   [Based on: http://vclass.mtsac.edu:930/phil/saint.htm]

1948 - Birth / Steve Winwood - May 12th, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer-musician, Steve Winwood."

1948 - Two-Stage Rocket - "On May 13th, the first two-stage rocket launched in the Western Hemisphere was launched from the White Sands facility.  It was a V2 which had been converted to include a WAC-Corporal upper stage.  It reached a total altitude of 79 miles." [Link 1]

1948 - Independence  / Israel - May 14th, 1948: "On May 14th, Israel declared independence, offering itself as a haven from anti-Semitism for the world's Jews. An ongoing war between Jews and Palestinians was thereupon joined by neighboring Arab states. When the war ended in January 1949, Israel controlled 78 percent of Palestine, and 750,000 Palestinians became refugees." [N.G.M. / October 2002]

*Trivia: "[....] In 1948, the United States was the first country to recognize Israel, 11 minutes after its statehood declaration. In that momentous decision, President Harry Truman broke with his secretary of state, George Marshall, and most of the foreign policy experts. [NP] 'Because Harry Truman did what was right instead of following the convential wisdom, we can say today that America is Israel's oldest and best friend in the world,' Bush [U.S. President George W. Bush] said to cheers from conference guests [Jerusalem - 05/14/08]." [Based on: Title for A.P. article (President is upbeat in visit to Jerusalem), p A5, S.L.P.D., 05/15/08]

*Links: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_Arab-Israeli_War

1948 - Astronomic Configuration - April 14th, 1948: "Sun [23 Taurus], Moon [26 Cancer], Mercury [9 Gemini], Venus [4 Cancer], Mars [28 Leo], Jupiter [27 Sagittarius R.], Saturn [16 Leo], Uranus [24 Gemini], Neptune [10 Libra R.], Pluto [12 Leo], Chiron [21 Scorpio R.]."

[Based on: http://www.astro.com/swisseph/ae/1900/ae_1948.pdf]

1948 - Status / State of Israel - May 15th, 1948: "British leave Palestine. Jews establish state of Israel & repel Arab attacks."

1948 - Established / World Council of Churches - May 17th? 1948: "The World Council of Churches is formed."

1948 - Birth / Stevie Nicks - May 26th, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer, Stevie Nicks."

1948 - Israeli Expansion / Beyond U.N.-Set Borders  - "Following Arab attacks on Israel in May 1948, the Israelis pushed back the Arab armies and extended the area under Israeli control beyond the then U.N.-set borders for the Jewish state."

*Trivia: "[....] Any changes Israel made in expanding its boundaries since the end of the 1948 war for independence 'must be mutually agreed to,' Bush said. And he said Israel must remove illegal makeshift outposts from the West Bank and stop expanding Jewish settlements." [Based on: Washington Post article, p. A1 & A14, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 05/27/05]

1948 - Birth / Jerry Mathers - June 2nd, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actor, Jerry Mathers."

1948 - Rockets With Live Animals - June 11th, 1948: "White Sands launched the first in a series of rockets that contained live animals, on June 11.  The launches were named 'Albert,' after the monkey that rode in the first rocket.  Albert died of suffocation in the rocket.  Several monkeys and mice were killed in the experiments." [Link: 1]

1948 - Start / Berlin Airlift - June 1948: "[....] In an effort to squeeze the Western powers out of Berlin, Soviet dictator Josef Stalin in June 1948 blockaded all rail, road and ship traffic into the city. The airlift supplied West Berliners with food and fuel for 11 months until the Soviets lifted the blockade." [Based on: News Services article (Germany celebrates anniversary [June 26th] of airlift), p. A12, S.L.P.D., 06/27/08]

1948 - Rocket Technology / White Sands - "On June 26, two rockets, a V-2 and an Aerobee were launched from White Sands.  The V-2 attained 60.3 miles, while the Aerobee attained 70 miles altitude." [Link: 1]

1948 - Birth / Ian Paice - June 29th, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Drummer (Deep Purple), Ian Paice."

1948 - Earthquake / Fukui, Japan - June 28th, 1948: "Earthquake location: Fukui, Japan. Earthquake magnitude: 7.3. Number of recorded fatalities: 5,390."  [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 208]

1948 - Birth / Richard Simmons - July 12th, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Fitness guru, Richard Simmons."

1948 - Birth / Yusuf Islam - July 21st, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer, Yusuf Islam (formerly Cat Stevens)."

1948 - Birth / Peggy Fleming - July 27th, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Olympic gold medal figure skater, Peggy Fleming."

1948 - Birth / Sally Struthers - July 28th, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actress, Sally Struthers."

1948 - ABC Debut / "Candid Camera" - Entertainment highlights during the week of August 6th-12th, 1948: Allen Funt's "Candid Camera" made its television debut on ABC with the title "Candid Microphone," which was also the name of a radio program produced by Funt. [Based on: A.P. article, p. E5, S.L.P.D., 08/08/06]

1948 - Birth / Robert Plant - August 20th, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer (Led Zeppelin), Robert Plant."

1948 - Summer Olympic Games / London, England - "In 1948, the Summer Olympic Games were held in London, England. Germany and Japan [aggressor nations during WWII] were not invited, but Communist countries participated for the first time. In 1948, the Winter Olympic Games were held in St. Moritz, Switzerland."  

1948 - Birth / Terry Bradshaw - September 2nd, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Football's, Terry Bradshaw."

1948 - Birth / Olivia Newton-John - September 26th, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer, Olivia Newton-John."

1948 - Birth / Bryant Gumbel - September 28th, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: TV personality, Bryant Gumbel."

1948 - Birth / Jackson Browne - October 9th, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer, Jackson Browne."

1948 - Birth / Margot Kidder - October 17th, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actress, Margot Kidder."

1948 - Birth / Kate Jackson - October 29th, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actress, Kate Jackson."

1948 - Truman Elected / U.S.A. - November 2nd, 1948: "President Truman elected Nov. 2nd, defeating Governor Thomas E. Dewey in a historic upset." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 549]

1948 - Birth / Prince Charles - November 14th, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Britain's Prince Charles."

1948 - Scrabble Trademark - December 1st, 1948: "Scrabble trademark registered, 1948." [Based on: The Old Farmer's Almanac (2006) by Robert B. Thomas, p. 99]

1948 - Birth / Ozzy Osbourne - December 3rd, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Rock singer, Ozzy Ozbourne."

1948 - Birth / Teri Garr - December 11th, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actress, Teri Garr."

1948 - Birth / Ted Nugent - December 13th, 1948: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer, Ted Nugent."

1948 - Radiological Warfare Research / U.S.A. - "The U.S. Army explored the potential of using radioactive poisons to assassinate 'important individuals' such as military or civilian leaders during the Cold War, according to newly declassified documents obtained by The Associated Press. [NP] Kept secret since it was approved at the highest levels of the Army in 1948, the effort was part of the military's pursuit of a 'new concept of warfare' using radioactive materials from atomic bombmaking to contaminate swaths of enemy land or to target military bases, factories or troop formations. [NP No targeted individuals are mentioned in references to the assassination weapon in the government documents declassified in response to a Freedom of Information Act request filed by the AP in 1995. [NP] The broader effort on offensive uses of radiological warfare apparently died by about 1954, at least in part because of the Defense department's conviction that nuclear weapons were a better bet. [NP] Whether the work migrated to another agency such as the CIA is unclear. The project was given final approval in November 1948 and began the following month, just one year after the CIA's creation in 1947. [NP] It was a turbulent time on the international scene. In August 1949, the Soviet Union successfully tested its first atomic bomb, and two months later Mao Zedong's communists triumphed in China's civil war. [....] The government's first public report on the bomb project, published in 1945, noted that radioactive fission products from a uranium-fueled reactor could be extracted and used 'like a particularly vicious form of poison gas.' [....] Among the released documents, an Army memo - dated Dec. 16, 1948, and labled secret - described a crash program to develop a variety of military uses for radioactive materials. Work on a 'subversive weapon for attack of individuals or small groups' was listed as a secondary priority, to be confined to feasibility studies and experiments. [NP] The top priorities listed in order were: * Weapons to contaminate 'populated or otherwise critical areas for long periods of time.' * Munitions combining high explosives with radioactive material 'to accomplish physical damage and radioactive contamination simultaneously.' * Air and/or surface weapons that would spread contamination across an area to be evacuated, thereby rendering it unusable by enemy forces. [NP] The stated goal was to produce a prototype for the first two weapons by Dec. 31, 1950. [NP] The fourth ranked priority was 'munitions for attack on individuals' using radioactive agents for which there is 'no means of therapy.' [....] The Dec. 16, 1948, memo said a lethal attack against individuals using radiological material should be done in a way that makes it impossible to trace the U.S. government's involvement, a concept known as 'plausible deniability' that is central to U.S. covert actions." [Based on: A.P. article (U.S. researched radiological assassinations / Cold War pursuit was part of 'new concept of warfare,' documents show.), p A2, S.L.P.D., 10/09/07] - [My brackets. "NP" = New Paragraph]

1948 - Elements of "Foreign Technology" - December, 1948: "Just a little over a year after the initial group meetings at the White House, Air Force Intelligence, now that the Air Force had become a separate service, issued a December 1948 report - 100-203-79 - called 'Analysis of Flying Object Incidents in the U.S.' in which UFO'S are never referred to as extraterrestial objects but as elements of  'foreign technology,' which is actually the subject of the report. The report, inocuous to most people because it doesn't say that flying  saucers are from outer space, is actually one of the first indications showing how the camouflage plan was supposed to work over the ensuing years." [The Day After Roswell, Col. Philip J. Corso, with William J. Birnes]

1948 - Trivia / U.S. Health Insurance - "Supreme Court allows [1948] collective bargaining for employment-based health insurance." [Source: Institute of Medicine, 10/04/04]

1948 - Apartheid / South Africa - "[....] Tha National Party, which came to power in 1948, presided over 48 years of systematic and often brutal oppression of the country's [South Africa's] black majority, who were denied the right to vote or mix with whites. [....]" [Based on: A.P. article, S.L.P.D., 04/10/05]

1948 - Voting Rights / Arizona Indians - "In 1948, Arizona state is forced by the courts to give Indians the right to vote as in other American states."

1948 - Last Published / Index Librorum Prohibitorum - 1948 "[....] In 1557, when Pope Paul IV created the Index [Index Librorum Prohibitorum], the church was in a defensive mood, said Jonathan Canning, a curator for the exibit [@ Loyola University Museum of Art - 2007]. Martin Luther's criticism of Catholic practices was splitting Western Christendom in two. The church had its hands full answering Protestant arguments and wasn't happy about having to fight a second front with science - which was just then emerging from centuries of stagnation. [....] The last edition of the Index was published in 1948, and the practice was abolished by Vatican II in the 1960s [1966], Canning noted. [....]." [Based on: Chicago Tribune article (Once-banned books on display / Exibit at Catholic university [Loyola University Museum of Art] includes volumes by Copernicus, Descartes.) by Ron Grossman, p A4, S.L.P.D., 05/02/07]

1948 - Notable Songs of 1948 - "Round Midnight" (Thelonius Monk)

1948 - Earthquake Trivia / 1948 - "Number of notable earthquakes this year: at least 1. Number of earthquake deaths: 5,390." [E.M.]

1948 - "Natural Disaster" Deaths / 1948 - "Estimated number of people who died from natural disasters this year: at least 5,390." [E.M.]

1949

1949 - Hoover Commission - "The Hoover Commission on the Reorganization of Government recommended termination of the federal-Indian trust relationship."

1949 - Central Intelligence Agency Act - "In 1949, the Central Intelligence Agency Act was passed supplementing the 1947 Act by permitting the Agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures and exempting the CIA from many of the usual limitations on the expenditure of federal funds." [Link: 1]

1949 - Excavation / Tomb of Pacal Votan - "Pacal’s final resting place was in a tomb below the Temple of Inscriptions. Archeologists encountered this tomb after they discovered a secret stairway that let down into the heart of the pyramid. The tomb was unearthed in 1952 AD after three years of work [since 1949?] removing boulders that had been used to block the entrance of the stairway."  

1949 - Debut / 45 Vinyl Disc - January 10th, 1949: "Back in 1948, the Columbia company had perfected  the 12-inch, 33 1/3 rpm, long-playing vinyl disc known as the LP. A year later on  January 10th, 1949, Columbia's rival, RCA Victor, introduced a competing format, a 7-inch disc that played at 45 revolutions per minute. The 45's greatest success came with the onset of rock and roll, reaching its sales peak in the mid-1960s." [Based on: Leo Laporte's 2005 Technology Almanac, p. 12]

1949 - Birth / George Foreman - January 10th, 1949: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Boxer, George Foreman."

1949 - Birth / John Belushi - January 24th, 1949: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Actor-comedian, John Belusi [d. 03/05/1982]."

1949 - 1st TV Daytime Soap Opera / U.S.A. - Entertainment highlights during the week of January 27th-February. 2nd 1949: The first TV daytime soap opera, "These Are My Children," was broadcast from the NBC station in Chicago. [Based on: A.P. article, p. E2, S.L.P.D., 01/29/08]

1949 - Project Grudge - February, 1949: "In February, 1949, Project Sign came to an end, and with it the Air Force's objective attitude toward UFOs. The final report of Project Sign was decidedly skeptical towards the extraterrestrial origin hypothesis for the origin of UFOs, reflecting a shift towards explaining all sightings as misidentifications of natural phenomena. Secretly, however, the Air Force had merely changed the name of the project to Project Grudge [1949-1952]."

1949 - Test Launch / No. 5 Two-Stage Rocket - February 24th, 1949: "A number 5 two-stage rocket was launched to 244 miles of altitude, and 5,510 mph velocity over White Sands.  It set a new record for the time-being, on February 24." [Link: 1]   

1949 - Elysee Agreement / France & Vietnam - March 8th, 1949: "Bao Dai and President Vincent Auriol of France sign the Elysee Agreement. As part of the agreement the French pledge to assist in the building of a national anti-Communist army."

1949 - Birth / Eddie Money - March 21st, 1949: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer, Eddie Money."

1949 - Relieved of Duty / U.S. Secretary of Defense - Late March, 1949: "[....] President Truman relieved Forrestal ... of his position in late March of 1949. Within a few days he was committed, apparently against his will, to Bethesda Naval Hospital suffering from 'exhaustion.' In spite of the invaluable service he had rendered to the country during World War II, first as Under Secretary of the Navy and then Secretary of the Navy, he had in 1948 and early 1949 been the subject of an unprecedented press vilification campaign, led by powerful columnists Drew Pearson and Walter Winchell. [....]"

[Based on article by David Martin @ http://www.nationalvanguard.org/story.php?id=5634]

*Trivia: "However history may ultimately judge his opposition to the establishment of Israel, by 1949 it was clear that Forrestal was, in a sense, one of the casualties of the diplomatic warfare that had led to the creation of the Jewish state." - Arnold Rogow, James Forrestal, A Study of Personality, Politics, and Power, 1963

[http://www.nationalvanguard.org/story.php?id=5634]

1949 - Conception / NATO - April 4th, 1949: "With the memory of the Berlin Blockade and the Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia still fresh, 12 nations agree to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization as a counter to Soviet expansionism. The 12 are the United States, Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Neatherlands, Norway, and Portugal." [Sources: NATO, The Associated Press, the World Book, the Encyclopedia Britannica]

*Trivia: "NATO established Aug. 24 by U.S., Canada, and 10 Western European nations, agreeing that an armed attack against one would be considered an attack against all." [Based on: The World Almanac and Book of Facts, 2005, p. 549]

1949 - Earthquake / Olympia, Washington - April 13th, 1949: "Earthquake location: Olympia, Washington. Earthquake magnitude: 7.1. Number of recorded fatalities: 8."  

1949 - Birth / Billy Joel - May 9th, 1949: "Reportedly born on this date in history: Singer, Billy Joel."

1949 - Kape Kennedy Test Range - "On May 11, President Truman signed a bill for a 5,000 mile test range to extend from Cape Kennedy Florida.  The Secretary of the Army approved the relocation of the White Sands scientists and their equipment to Huntsville, Alabama."  [Link: 1] 

1949 - Suicide? / James Forrestal - May 22nd, 1949: "In the early morning hours of May 22, 1949, the recently ousted first American Secretary of Defense, James Vincent Forrestal, committed suicide at the Bethesda Naval Hospital in Bethesda, Maryland. His death came as a shock to official Washington, where he had been a commanding figure, yet to those who knew him well, there was a certain grim logic to this tragic end." [Based on: Arlington National Cemetary Website]

*Trivia:

[....]

James V.