Rich vs. Poor Health

    The following timeline [Pre-1945 / 1945 / 1980 / 2000] was created to help illustrate how potential and/or cumulative influence and/or events can impact [for good or for bad] upon individual human health. In some places, bold type highlights were added for quick summary review. [E.M.]  

New studies suggest that the stress of being poor has a staggeringly harmful influence on health.

[Based on: Scientific American (December 2005) article (Sick of Poverty) by Robert Sapolsky, pp. 92-99]

Your expectations can have profound impacts on your brain and your health.

[Columbia University neuroscientist, Tor Wager - Based on: A.P. article (Medicine studies hail expectation), p. A6, S.L.P.D., 11/30/05]

....... Update Margin .......

1403

1403 - Interest Payments Legalised / Italy - "Despite the traditional Christian prohibition of usury, Italian banks such as the Lombards, who have agents in the main economic centres of Europe, have been making charges for loans. The lawyer and theologian Lorenzo di Antonio Ridolfi wins a case which legalises interest payments by the Florentine government."

16th Century

1500 - Jewish Ghettos - "Spanish and Portuguese Jews immigrate [1500-1600] to Italy, the Turkish Empire [particularly Palestine], North Africa, and the New World. Beginning in the 16th century, most Jews in Europe were forced to live in walled enclosures, where they were locked in at night, and had to wear badges identifying themselves as Jews when they were outside the walls. The Jewish quarter of Venice became known as the Ghetto, and eventually all these communities were called ghettos. During the 16th century, many Jews settled in the Netherlands, where they were able to formally practice their religion again. Members of this group later founded successful Jewish communities in England as well. Jews live peacefully in Poland [1400-1648] where they work primarily as merchants artisans, and innkeepers. There, they are governed by the Jewish Council of Four Lands. The Marranos move to Holland and France, where they are permitted to practice their religion freely [1500-1700]. Jews also begin to return to England."

1519

1519 - Conquistadores / Mexico - February 1519: "Spanish Conquistadores arrive in the Valley of Mexico."

*Trivia: "Despite the many records carved in stone throughout Mayan cities, much of this culture remains a profound mystery. The main reason for this is the Spanish. Not only did they come to the Yucatan some 700 years after the Classic Maya, thus never aware of the previous stage of advanced civilization, but they made it their personal mission to destroy all that remained of the once great culture of the terrestrial Maya. Throughout the period known as the New Empire, the Maya had created many hieroglyphic texts on folding sheets of paper. Of these only four survive. They are known as the Dresden, Madrid, Grolier, and Paris codices. All the rest were burned by Spanish conquistadors and Christian missionaries. In addition to these codices, a few texts that were written after the Spanish conquest have survived. These are the Popul Vu, and the Books of the Chilam Balam."  

1545

1545 - Interest Charges / England - "Henry VIII legalises interest charges on loans. An upper limit of 10% per annum is set." [Link: 1]

1568

1568 - 1st Native American Missionary School - "Jesuits organized a school in Havana for Indian children brought from Florida, which was the first missionary school for North American Indians." [Link: 1]

17th Century

1609 - Bank of Amsterdam - "The Bank of Amsterdam is founded. This public bank is established to provide a superior and more controlled service than that available from private bankers. Later its example inspires the establishment of the Bank of England." [Link: 1]

*Trivia: "In the Netherlands, secret societies had been able to found a central bank as early as 1609. About 40 of the world's most important central banks were established in a similar way as that of the Bank of England. In that way the Masonic bankers ruled the long-term development in the world with loan interest as a method, the central banks as middlemen, the politicians as dummies and the people as ignorant wage slaves. The Freemason-controlled banks thus can govern political life by acting without being seen. The English people strengthened the power of these invisible Freemasons through paying taxes during three centuries. Central banks were supposed to keep the economy stable." [Based on: article by By Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, September/October 2004, p. 9]

1642

1642 - Civil War / England - "The English Civil War [1642-1651] begins. The war is fought because parliament disputes the king's right to levy taxes without its consent. The use of goldsmith's safes as secure places for people's jewels, bullion and coins had increased after the seizure of the mint by Charles I in 1640 and increases again with the outbreak of the Civil War. This accelerates the tendency of some goldsmiths to become bankers and development of that aspect of their business continues after the war is over."

*Trivia: "The Prieure de Sion initiated, with the aid of the moneychangers (above all the Portuguese Rabbi Menasseh ben Israel, who lived in the Netherlands, and Antonio Fernandez Moses Carvajal), the insurrection of 1642, led by Oliver Cromwell, which in turn led to the first republic (commonwealth) in England in 1649. In the year 1643 a large group of rich Jews came to England. They met with the Portuguese ambassador in London, Antonio de Souza, a Maranno, where further moves were discussed. All their actions were coordinated by Carvajal.
   "Having deposed and executed Charles I in 1649, naming himself as dictator in 1653, Cromwell became bloodthirsty and hostile to cultural development, letting the moneychangers strengthen their financial power. Under the puritanical rule of the Lord Protector Cromwell, music and other cultural activities were practically banned. Even colorful garments were forbidden.
   "In November of 1688 (under the sign of the scorpion) the Catholic king of England James II (Stuart) was overthrown through a well-organized invasion financed by the moneyed Jews of Amsterdam and led by the Prieure de Sion and the Orange Order. The king was exiled to France and in February of 1689 William of Orange, the prince of Nassau, was put upon the English throne by means of a coup d'etat, which became known as the Glorious Revolution. Even official historians admit that the people did not participate in this coup.
   "England at that time was in poor condition after more than 50 years of war with France and the Netherlands, and the new king, William III (of Orange), asked several powerful bankers for help. They provided the English state with a loan of 1.25 million pounds but only delivered 750,000 pounds. The terms of the loan were as follows: the names of the lenders were not to be revealed, and these were guaranteed the right to found the Bank of England, whose directors were ensured to establish a gold reserve so as to be able to issue loans to a value of 10 pounds for each pound deposited gold in the bank vault. They also were allowed to consolidate the national debt and secure payment for annuity and interest through direct taxation of the people." [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, September/October 2004, p. 9]

1694

1694 - Bank of England - "The main purpose of the Act founding the Bank is to raise money for the War of the League of Augsburg by taxation and by the novel device of a permanent loan on which interest would be paid but the principal would not be repaid."

*Trivia: "The privately owned Bank of England was established in 1694 with absolute control over the currency (the right to issue bank notes). The lending of money on usury was able to continue at an even larger scale. Thus the English people suffered a huge national debt. Taxes had to be raised and prices doubled. To the Masonic bankers it was necessary to have a monopoly on money issuing. That way they were able to make enormous profits and also control political processes.
   "The Bank of England was allowed to lend money to an amount 10 times the security the lender put up. With 5 percent interest it only took two years for the bank to earn back an amount equal to the original security." [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, September/October 2004, p. 9]

1698

1698 - Trivia / English National Debt - "By the year 1698 the national debt [of England] had risen from one and a quarter million pounds to 16 million. In 1815 it was 885 million pounds and in 1945 it had grown to 22.5 billion pounds. By 1995 the national debt had risen to more than 300 billion pounds, equal to 45 percent of GNP."
  "Not even the Macmillan Committee, which was appointed in 1929, managed to find out who governed the Bank of England. Only one name has leaked out—that of Rothschild. All great wars have been started and financed by the economic conglomerate emanating from one single banking family—the Rothschilds.
   "In the Netherlands, secret societies had been able to found a central bank as early as 1609. About 40 of the world's most important central banks were established in a similar way as that of the Bank of England. In that way the Masonic bankers ruled the long-term development in the world with loan interest as a method, the central banks as middlemen, the politicians as dummies and the people as ignorant wage slaves. The Freemason-controlled banks thus can govern political life by acting without being seen. The English people strengthened the power of these invisible Freemasons through paying taxes during three centuries. Central banks were supposed to keep the economy stable." [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, September/October 2004, p. 9]

18th Century

1750 - Colonial Scrip / North America - "Benjamin Franklin wrote of the British colonies in North America in the 1750s: 'Nowhere on Earth does one find a happier and more well-being people.' He explained that this was due to that 'we in the colonies make our own currency,' called 'colonial scrip.' He further explained: 'By issuing our own currency we can control its buying power, and we are not obliged to pay interest to anyone.' " [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, September/October 2004, p. 9]

1761

1761 - Depression / America  - "An economic slump [depression], hits [1761-1765] most of the American colonies."

1764

1764 - Forbidden / Colonial Currency - "Britain forbids all its American colonies to issue paper money as legal tender. This punishes the colonies that had been careful not to over-issue paper money as well as those that had been irresponsible. The only exception is for strictly military purposes. 'No law ... could be more equitable', wrote Adam Smith, 'than the act of parliament so unjustly complained of in the colonies.' [p 348 of the Wealth of Nations]. Adam Smith was in favour of paper money but against it having the status of legal tender."

1766

1766 - Trivia / Forbidden Colonial Currency - "Benjamin Franklin fails to persuade British parliament to allow use of paper money in America. While in London Franklin tries unsuccessfully to persuade Parliament of the case for a general issue of colonial paper money."

1768

1768 - Public Banks / Russia - "Russia's first two public banks established. They are created by Catherine the Great to finance Russia's war with Turkey."

1775

1775 - American Revolution - April 18th, 1775: "The American Revolution or War of Independence [1775-1783]. The first shots starting the revolution were fired at Lexington, Massachusetts. On April 18, 1775, British General Thomas Gage sent 700 soldiers to destroy guns and ammunition the colonists had stored in the town of Concord, just outside of Boston. They also planned to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock, two of the key leaders of the patriot movement." [Link: 1]

*Trivia: "In American schoolbooks the reason given for the outbreak of the Revolutionary War was the tea tax, but according to Franklin 'the colonies would gladly have borne the little tax' [of 2 percent] on tea and other matters had it not been that England took away from the colonies their money which created unemployment and dissatisfaction.' The result of the influence of the English banks on the British Parliament was horrendous poverty in America. When this situation had been created, it was easy to get people ready for war, which the Freemasons did with satisfaction. They wanted a safe base for their future global activities." [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, September/October 2004, p. 10]

1775 - Colonial Currency - "The American Congress, and individual states finance their war effort overwhelmingly by printing money. This eventually leads to hyperinflation rendering the continentals worthless - but the Revolution is successful."

1776

1776 - Founded / Illuminati - "Reportedly, the Illuminati were founded on May 1st, 1776, the year of the American Revolution, by a young professor at the Bavarian University of Ingoldstat, Adam Weishaupt. Weishaupt's political vision was of a utopian superstate with the abolition of private property, social authority and nationality. In this anarchistic state human beings would live in harmony within a universal brotherhood, based on free love, peace, spiritual wisdom, and equality. He came into conflict with the Church because he also taught his disciples that religious freedom was the right of everyone. He believed that once the masses had been de-Christianized they would demand political freedom and the right to enjoy life without the moral straightjacket imposed by the puritanical teachings of the Church on sexual matters."

*Trivia: "On May 1, 1998, exactly 222 years after the founding of the order of the Illuminati (222 being a third of 666, which in turn is a third of 1998), the European Central Bank was established, actually a cartel of private banks. All of the people shall be in debt through taxation. The Masonic bankers are thus trying to realize the Knights Templars' ancient idea of creating a European super state by means of the banking system." [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, September/October 2004, p. 14]

1776 - American Declaration of Independence - July 4th, 1776: "When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
    "We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. [....]" [The American Declaration of Independence] [Link: 1]

*Trivia: "Among the fifty-six American rebels who signed the Declaration of Independence only six were not members of the Masonic Order. The majority of the military commanders of the American revolutionary army, which fought the British during the war of Independence, were also practicing Freemasons." [U.S. History]

1779

1779 - Beginning / Abolition of Slavery, U.S.A. - "Pennsylvania begins gradual abolition of slavery."

1780

1780 - Bank of Pennsylvania - "Bank of Pennsylvania founded. This is the first American bank to be established since the declaration of independence from Britain. It is basically a temporary means of raising funds for the American army which is in a desperate financial situation."

1782

1782 - Bank of North America - "Bank of North America begins operations. It was granted a charter by Congress the previous year. It fulfils a wide range of banking functions and is a great commercial success."

1783

1783 - Trivia / Bank of North America - "Unpaid soldiers prevented from looting the Bank of North America. This stimulates opposition to the bank, as much of the public sympathises with the soldiers, and the legality of the bank is later challenged by Pennsylvania's representatives."

1784

1784 - Bank of New York - "Bank of New York and Bank of Massachusetts both open. The Bank of New York is the oldest existing US bank [at the time of writing in 1996]."

1784 - Native American Indian Land Cessions - "Links to a history of Native American Indian land cessions [1784-1794] by territory and tribe." [Link: 1]

1786

1786 - Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom - "The Virginia House of Burgesses passed a statute, written by Thomas Jefferson in 1779 and sponsored by James Madison, declaring that no person should be discriminated against because of religious belief, or compelled to join or support any church. This statute helped shape the First Amendment of the United States Constitution."

1786 - Trivia / Native American Indian Affairs - "The U.S. Secretary of War is made responsible for Indian affairs."

1787

1787 - Religious Freedom? / U.S.A. - "The Constitution of the United States of America promises religious freedom to all individuals. France follows the American lead and provides equal rights to Jews."

*Commentary: All individuals? Including Native Americans and African slaves? [E.M.]

1787 - U.S. Constitution - May 25th, 1787: "The Constitutional Convention held in 1787 approved the Constitution of the United States of America." [Links: 1, 2, 3, 4]

*Trivia: "Among the men who drew up the Constitution of 1787, there were those who thought one should protect oneself against the financial drain of the international bankers. Therefore Article I, Sec. 8 of the Constitution reads: 'Congress shall have power . . . to coin money, regulate the value thereof...' " [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, September/October 2004, p. 10]

1787 - Trivia / Native American Commerce - "The U.S. Constitution is given the power [1787-1789] to regulate commerce with foreign nations, among the states, and with Indian tribes."

1789

1789 - French Revolution - July 14th, 1789: "A Parisian mob rose, under the instigation of a journalist, Camille desmoulins, and stormed the Bastille, a government prison in Paris that was the very symbol of royal absolutism and despotism. They seized the prison, and this act is considered to represent the beginning of The French Revolution. On August 27th, a 'declaration of the rights of man,' embodying many liberal notions was propounded. And all over France, the peasants were revolting, and burning down the mansions of the noblemen who had ruled and tyrannized them. On October 5 and 6, a Paris mob marched to Versailles to bring Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette, and the royal children to Paris, where they could be with their people. The government never returned to Versailles. It had served as the royal seat for 107 years, three kings had spent part or all their reigns there, but from now on, it would be merly a museum piece."

1789 - U.S.  Department of War - "Congress establishes a Department of War and formally grants the Secretary of War authority over Native American Indian affairs."

1790

1790 - French Democracy - "Within a year of the beginning of the French Revolution the land had been divided up between the peasants, slavery had been eradicated from the French colonies, price controls were introduced to protect the living standards of the poor and a democratic constitution was created. As with all radical political movements, those who advocated the replacement of the status quo were soon seduced by the power they had gained and became oppressors worse than the tyrants they replaced."

1790 - Outlawed / U.S. Slave Trade - "U.S. Slave trade outlawed in all states except Georgia and S. Carolina."

1791

1791 - U.S. National Bank - "Bank of the United States receives a 21 year charter. Because of opposition to the bank and fears that it would contravene the Constitution, Washington is going to use his veto but is persuaded not to by Alexander Hamilton."

*Trivia: "Alexander Hamilton, a Freemason and secretary of finance in the government of George Washington, and also the agent of the international financiers, ordered the establishment of a privately owned union bank and the introduction of interest money. His argument was simple: 'A limited national debt would be a blessing to a nation.' He considered it dangerous for the government to issue its own currency.
   "Thus the United States got its first central bank in 1791. It was privately owned but had a contract running for only 20 years. It was not renewed when it expired. Andrew Jackson referred to the fact that the Constitution had given Congress the right to issue currency in sufficient quantity but not transfer this right to others.
   "The historian Richard Boesen disclosed that the Freemason Nathan Rothschild (1777-1836), who in 1806 had founded his bank in London and who partly financed the Napoleonic wars through the Bank of England, subsequently issued an ultimatum - either the contract be renewed or there would be war. Jackson called the Masonic bankers a bunch of thieves and promised to exterminate them. Rothschild gave his own orders: 'Teach these insolent Americans a lesson. Force them back to a colonial status.'
   "The British government began to limit the American sea trade and checked the American expansion in Canada. President James Madison in 1812 had no other choice but to let Congress declare war on England. The intention of the leader of the Freemasons, Rothschild, was to lay waste the country to such an extent that the Americans would be forced to seek financial aid. Great Britain, however, failed to regain the lost colonies, and the United States failed to occupy Canada." [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, September/October 2004, p. 10]

1793

1793 - Bank Indemnity Act / England - "The Bank Indemnity Act. This act gives the directors of the Bank of England legal immunity for loans to the government. This enables the British government to borrow much larger sums for the war against France."

1798

1798 - Bank of M.M. Warburg & Co. - "The man who played a very important role in providing the United States again with a central bank was Paul Warburg. He was a German immigrant, arriving in America together with his brother Felix. Both brothers became partners in the banking house Kuhn, Loeb & Co, led by the Illuminatus Jacob Schiff, who also belonged to B'nai B'rith. The Warburgs were supported by Nelson Aldrich (later to become grandfather to Nelson and David Rockefeller), known as the handyman in the Senate of John Pierpoint Morgan. The family of (Samuel Moses) Del Branco in 1559 moved from Italy to Germany taking the name Warburg. In 1798 the family founded the bank of M.M. Warburg & Co." [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, September/October 2004, p. 11]

1798 - Rothschild Expansion / Britain - "The Rothschilds expand into Britain. The Rothschilds banking house originated in medieval Frankfurt on Main. In 1798 Nathan Rothschild is sent to Manchester to deal in the cotton industry. His banking operations grow rapidly during the Napoleonic Wars, making full use of his family's international network of couriers." [Link: 1]

1799

1799 - Income Tax  / United States - William Pitt introduces income tax. This new tax raises considerable sums. During the war the British prime minister also increases revenue by broadening the range of indirect taxes as much as possible." [Link: 1]

19th Century

1810 - Poverty Level Wages - "According to the Swedish historian Herman Lindqvist, the Freemasons decided in the 1810s that wages should be fixed at the poverty level. Such an attitude shows an enormous contempt for ordinary people. Between the years 1860 and 1910 almost a million Swedes left for America in connection with several years of famine, poverty and difficulties in providing for themselves." [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, September/October 2004, p. 13]

1819

1819 - Indian Civilization Fund Act - "For Reform and teaching 'arts of civilization', funds designated for education reform and employment of [non-indian instructors 'for teaching their children reading, writing and aritimetic' with the provision that such education should be 'with their [Indian] consent.' [Prucha Documents pg.33]."

1830

1830 - Indian Removal Act - "Andrew Jackson used this act to force the mass relocation of the Creek, Cherokee, Choctoaw, Seminole, and other Indian nations during the 1830s. The intent was to open up the territory east of the Mississippi for settlement by white Americans and their African slaves."

1832

1832 - Bureau of Indian Affairs - "Organized as part of the War Department, the Bureau of Indian Affairs was recognized by a law of Congress [Prucha Documents pg 62]."

1834

1834 - Native American Quarantine - "The Trade and Intercourse Act redefines the Indian Territory and the Permanent Indian Frontier and gives the army the right to quarantine Indians."

1835

1835 - Slave Uprisings / United States - "Alarm's of Slave uprising's are heard in Mississippi, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas."

1835 - Free From National Debt / United States - "Reportedly, 1835 is the only time in U.S. history that the country was free from national debt."

1837

1837 - U.S. Banking Crisis - "US banking crisis. The uncontrolled, chaotic expansion of banking in the US is slowed, then partly reversed by a financial crisis in which every bank is forced to suspend specie payment of notes. The crisis leads to a depression in the economy which lasts until 1843." [Link: 1]

1837 - U.S. Depression - March, 1837: "The nations first deep depression begins when Wall Street stock prices plunge."

1839

1839 - Slave Revolt / Amistad - August, 1839: "Slaves aboard the Spanish ship Amistad revolt and force the crew to head for Africa." [Link: 1]

1840

1840 - The American Churches, the Bulwark of American Slavery - "James Gillespie Birney publishes, The American Churches, the Bulwark of American Slavery."

1841

1841 - U.S. Second Bank Crash - "The Second Bank of the United States crashes. By this time it is simply a private bank and no longer a national institution. When it ran into difficulties during the 1837 crisis it was still the largest bank in the world, but it finally crashes in 1841." [Link: 1]

1848

1848 - Revolutions / Europe - "Revolutions begin in Germany, Austria, France, Italy, and Belgium."

1848 - Published / Communist Manifesto - January, 1848: "The Communist Manifesto is published."

1848 - Minimum Wage / U.S. Textile Mills - "Pennsylvania is first state to set a mininum wage for workers in textile mills."

1852

1852 - U.S. School System - "Massachusetts becomes first state to pass compulsory school attendance. The First public school opened in Boston; also and a public library was founded."

1857

1857 - World-Wide Banking Crisis - October 1857: "World-wide banking crisis starts in the U.S. In the month of October 1,415 US banks are forced to suspend specie payments. Because of huge European, especially British, investment in the US the effects are felt on the other side of the Atlantic. In Germany many of the new idustrial banks founded in the early 1850s fail. However recovery from the crisis is rapid." [Link: 1]

1861

1861 - Trivia / U.S. Civil War - "In American history books there is nothing about the role of the banks in the first and second American wars of independence (that is 1775-83 and 1812-1814). Neither is there anything about the debt-free 'greenbacks' that Abraham Lincoln issued. Their existence is only verified by a few encyclopedias.
   "To finance the American Civil War, which broke out on April 12,1861, President Abraham Lincoln was forced to utilize the right of the Congress to issue its own currency. Between the years 1862 to 1864, 450 million interestfree 'greenbacks' were printed. Lincoln promised at his re-election in 1864 to begin fighting the banks as soon as the war was over. Lord Goschen, the representative of the financial world, wrote in The London Times: 'If this financial policy becomes permanent, the government can without expenses acquire necessary monetary provision. It can pay its debt and repay its loans without debt. It will have enough money to trade (on the open market). It is going to be more healthy than any other (before) in history. If we do not overthrow this government, it will overthrow us.'
   "The North during the Civil War was financed by the Rothschilds through their American agent August Belmont (actually Schoenberg) and the South by the Erlanger brothers who were related to the Rothschild family." [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, p. 10]

*Trivia: "The Civil War ended on April 9, 1865, and international Freemasonry got busy to remove President Lincoln." [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, p. 10]

*Trivia: "The assassination of Lincoln was carried out by John Wilkes Booth (Botha), a Freemason of the 33rd degree, on April 15, 1865 in Washington, D.C., only six days after the end of the Civil War. Izola Forrester, Booth's granddaughter, stated in her book, This One Mad Act (1937), that Booth belonged to the lodge Knights of the Golden Circle and also Giuseppe Mazzini's 'revolutionary' movement Young America. Izola Forrester revealed in detail that the Freemasons were involved in the assassination of the president. Booth was soon eliminated.
   "The above-mentioned Masonic lodge Knights of the Golden Circle was mixed up in the plot. This name had begun to be seen in the press, and so the Freemason leader Albert Pike in 1866 decided to rename it the Ku Klux Klan; 'kyklos' in Greek meaning 'circle.'
   "It was officially founded as a new organization in 1866 in Pulaski, Tennessee. In 1882 it was banned. The present group with the same name was founded in 1915 by William Joseph Simmons and thus has not grown out of the Masonic lodge that existed in the 1860s and 1870s.
   "After the demise of Lincoln, things were 'normalized.' The amount of money in circulation, which in 1866 amounted to $1.9 billion or $50.46 per capita, had by 1876 been reduced to $605 million or $14.60 per person.
   "As a result there were 56,446 bankruptcies in 10 years and a loss of $2 billion. In 1887 the Masonic bankers reduced the money amount further to $6.67 per head. The Irish writer Margrit Kennedy stated in the book Interest and Inflation Free Money that the interest rate always goes up when there is a shortage of money. This in turn leads to bankruptcies and worsens the unemployment rate." [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, pp. 10-11]

1862

1862 - Homestead Act - May 20th, 1862: "President Lincoln signs the Homestead Act. The Homestead Act opened up Indian land in Kansas and Nebraska to homesteaders, who were deeded 160 acre plots after inhabiting them for five years."

1862 - 1st Federal Income Tax / United States - January 1st, 1862: "First federal income tax, of 3 per cent, introduced to finance the Civil War."

1863

1863 - Conscription Act  / U.S.A. - March, 1863: "Because of recruiting difficulties, an act was passed making all men between the ages of 20 and 45 liable to be called for military service. Service could be avoided by paying a fee or finding a substitute. The act was seen as unfair to the poor, and riots in working-class sections of New York City broke out in protest. A similar conscription act in the South provoked a similar reaction."

1863 - Draft Riots / New York City - July 11-14th, 1863: "50,000 demonstrate and hundreds killed in New York City's Draft Riots."

1863 - Emancipation Proclamation / U.S.A. - January 1st, 1863: "In an effort to placate the slave-holding border states, Lincoln resisted the demands of radical Republicans for complete abolition. Yet some Union generals, such as General B. F. Butler, declared slaves escaping to their lines 'contraband of war,' not to be returned to their masters. Other generals decreed that the slaves of men rebelling against the Union were to be considered free. Congress, too, had been moving toward abolition. In 1861, Congress had passed an act stating that all slaves employed against the Union were to be considered free. In 1862, another act stated that all slaves of men who supported the Confederacy were to be considered free. Lincoln, aware of the public's growing support of abolition, issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, declaring that all slaves in areas still in rebellion were, in the eyes of the federal government, free." [Link: 1]

1864

1864 - Navajo "Long Walk" - "As white settlers and prospectors pushed westward in the latter half of the 19th century, displacement of Native Americans from their ancestral homelands became commonplace. One of the most tragic episodes of exile was the Long Walk in 1864, when Kit Carson rounded up 8,000 Navajos and forced them to walk more than 300 miles from northeastern Arizona and northwestern New Mexico to Bosque Redondo, a desolate tract on the Pecos River in eastern New Mexico."

1865

1865 - Ratification / 13th U.S. Amendment - December 6th, 1865: "13th U.S. Constitutional amendment ['Slavery Abolished'] ratified. At the time when slavery was abolished, nearly 539,000 Americans [1/5th of the total U.S. population] were owned by others" [Link: 1]

1865 - Protestant Native American Missionary Schools - "The United States gives contracts to Protestant missionary societies to operate Indian schools."

1866

1866 - Railroad Enabling Act - "Railroad Enabling Act appropriates Indian lands for railway use."

1866 - Jacob Henry Schiff  / N.Y City - "Schiff, Jacob Henry, was born In 1847, at Frankfort on-the- Maine, Germany. He received his education in the schools of Frankfort. In 1866 he came to America, where he settled in New York City. Here, he joined the staff of a banking house. In 1873, he returned to Europe where he made connections with some of the chief German banking horses. Upon returning to the United States, he entered the banking firm of Kuhn, Loeb and Company, New York of which he later became the head. His firm became the financial reconstructors of the Union Pacific Railroad, and since then is strongly interested in American railroad.
   "Mr. Schiff's principle of community of interests among the chief railway combinations led to the formation of the Northern Securities Company, thus suppressing ruinous competition. The firm of Kuhn, Loeb & Co. floated the large Japanese War Loans of 1904-5, thus making possible the Japanese victory over Russia. Mr. Schiff is director of numerous financial companies, among them the Central Trust company. Western Union Telegraph Company, the Wells Fargo Express Company. He has been severer time vice-president of the New York Chamber of Commerce.
   "Mr. Schiff has always used his wealth and his influence in the best interests of his people. He financed the enemies of autocratic Russia and used his financial influence to keep Russia from the money market of the United States." [Link: 1]

1868

1868 - Cost / American Indian Wars - "The Commissioner of Indian Affairs estimates the Indian Wars in the West are costing the government 1 million dollars per Indian killed."

1870

1870 - Christian Control / Native American Indian Agencies - "President Grant gives control of the Indian agencies to twelve different Christian denominations instead of to army officers."

1871

1871 - Reservation Restrictions / Native American Indians - "General Sheridan issues orders forbidding Western Indians to leave reservations without the permission of civilian agents."

1871 - Forbidden Treaty Negotiations / Native American Indians - "Congress passes a law forbidding further negotiations of treaties with Indian tribes. Indians are now subject to acts of Congress and executive orders."

1872

1872 - 1st Mail-order Catalog - "A.M. Ward issueed the first mail-order catalog."

1873

1873 - U.S. Treasury Department - "The U.S. Department of the Treasury is created."

1873 - Salary Increase / U.S. President - "The U.S. Congress doubles the president's salary, to $50,000 annually."

1873 - Financial Panic / U.S. Stock Exchange - September 19th, 1873: "Financial panic closes American Stock Exchange for 10 days."

1876

1876 - AAMA - "The Association of American Medical Colleges is a non-profit association founded in 1876 to work for reform in medical education. Originally representing only medical schools, the AAMC represents the nation's 125 accredited medical schools, nearly 400 major teaching hospitals, more than 105,000 faculty in 98 academic and scientific societies, and the nation's 66,000 medical students and 97,000 residents. Additionally, the administrative leadership of medical schools and teaching hospitals are served by a variety of professional development groups housed within the AAMC."

1877

1877 - U.S. Railroad & Coal Mine Strikes - July-August, 1877: "Army troops were used to suppress violent railroad and coal mine strikes across the U.S."

1879

1879 - Food & Drugs / U.S.A. - "Chief Chemist Peter Collier, Division of Chemistry, US Department of Agriculture, began investigating food and drug adulteration. The following year he recommended enactment of a national food and drug law. In the next 25 years, more than 100 food and drug bills were introduced in Congress."

1879 - Carlisle Indian School / Pennsylvania  - "Richard Pratt founded the Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania with the intent of assimilating Indians into white culture."

1880

1880 - Jewish Socialism - "In the following two decades - in the '80s and '90s - the 'explosion of revolutionary emotion among Jewish student youth crystallised into a movement of Jewish socialism, the first of its kind in Jewish history.'4 Patkin traces the origins of 'Jewish Socialism' to the 'two explosive elements - mass misery and intellectual doctrine' which had existed in Jewish life for many previous generations. These explosive elements had often produced mass revolts against the rich and the powerful in communal affairs, one example being the emergence of the Chassidic movement, Jewish socialism reflected the extension of Chassidism as a doctrine 'for the poor' into a 'revolutionary situation of social protest and resentment.' " [Link: 1]

1881

1881 - Jewish Palestine - "In the late 19th century Jewish imigrants from Europe and Russia began moving to Palestine, buying land and building farming communities. As their numbers grew, some Jews, known as Zionists, dreamed of establishing a modern Jewish state in the land of King David." [N.G.M./October/2002]

1881 - Jewish Unpopularity / Russia - "The new Tzar, Alexander III, was so infuriated with the Jews that he issued the following statement which is quoted from the Encyclopedia Britannica, page 76, Vol. 2, 1947 edition:

   For some time the government has given its attention to the Jews and to the* relations the rest of the inhabitants of the empire, with a view of ascertaining the sad condition of the Christian inhabitants brought about by the conduct of the Jews in business matters. During the last 20 years, the Jews have gradually possessed themselves of not only every trade and business in all its branches, but also of a great part of the land by buying or farming it. With few exceptions, they have as a body devoted their attention, not to enriching or benefiting the country, but to defrauding, by their wiles, its inhabitants, and particularly its poor inhabitants! This conduct of theirs has called forth protests on the part of the people, as manifested in acts of violence. The government, while on the one hand doing its best to put down the disturbances and to deliver the Jews from oppression and slaughter, has also on the other hand, thought it a matter of urgency and justice to adopt stringent measures in order to put an end to the oppression practiced by the Jews on the inhabitants, and to free the country from their malpractices, which were, as is known, the cause of the agitation.

(Note: Thus the so-called 'pogroms' by Christians against the Jews were brought on by the Jews themselves!) [Link: 1]

1881 - Proprietary Association of America - "The Proprietary Association of America was formed in 1881 as the Association of Manufacturers and Dealers in Proprietary Articles. The Proprietary Association subsequently changed its name to the Nonprescription Drug Manufacturers Association in 1990, and then in 1999 to the Consumer Health Care Products Association in 1999." [Link: 1]

1885

1885 - Major Crimes Act - "The Major Crimes Act. This act allowed the United States to extend its jurisdiction into Native American territories since the sovereignty of Native American territories was defined by treaty; this act nullified the treaty’s purpose, which had permitted Native Americans to exercise their own jurisdiction within their own territories."

1885 - Extermination / American Buffalo - "The last great herd of buffalo is exterminated."

1887

1887 - U.S. General Allotment Act - "The General Allotment Act Also known as the 'Dawes Act,' this act was designed to break up the collective ownership of Indian lands by requiring Indians to identify themselves by means of a 'blood quantum' code. Under the act, 'full-blood Indians' received the deeds to land parcels over which the U.S. government exercised control for twenty-five years, and 'mixed-blood Indians' received 'patents in fee simple' - basically land rental agreements - and were forced to accept U.S. Citizenship. As a result of the act’s implementation, the United States acquired over 100 million acres of Native American land between 1887 and 1934."

1890

1890 - European Domination - "In this period [1890-1900], Europe reached the peak of its power. Four centuries earlier, it had been a materially backward region, not to be compared in wealth and culture with the great empires of Asia. It had been at the mercy of Asian invaders, prostrate before the Mongols in the thirteenth century, and unable to fend off the Ottoman Turks in the sixteenth century.
   "Yet by 1890, the American continents, Australia, and New Zealand were ruled by the descendants of Europeans. Virtually all of Africa and the Pacific islands have been carved up and placed under European domination. In Asia, large tracts such as Siberia and India were under the direct control of Europeans, while independant nations such as the Ottoman Empire, Persia, Afghanistan, Siam, and China were under continual and increasing European pressure and interference. In all the world, the only nation that seemed to be at once non-European and strong was Japan, and that was at the price of adopting much European technology and culture." [Based on: Isaac Asimov, Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 438] 

1891

1891 - Leasing by Whites / Native American Indian Lands - "Provisions are made for the leasing by whites of allotted Indian lands."

1892

1892 - Crash / U.S. Stock Market - June 27th, 1892: "The New York Stock Exchange crashes."

1893

1893 - Indian Appropriations Act - "The Indian Appropriations Act contains provisions to eliminate Indian agents, transferring their responsibilities on reservations to superintendents of schools."

1893 - Crash / U.S. Stock Market - June 27th, 1893: "U.S. Stock Market crash. In 1893, financial panic led to bank foreclosures and a four-year national economic depression."

1896

1896 - U.S. Segregation Status / Plessy Vs. Ferguson - "U.S. Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson ruling sets out 'separate but equal' doctrine that becomes legal basis for widespread segregation in public schools." [St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 05/17/04]

1897

1897 - 1st Zionist Congress - August 27th, 1897: "In 1897, the first Zionist Congress takes place. The movement of Zionism [dedicated to founding a Jewish state] was founded by Theodor Herzl in the late 1800s as a response to the Dreyfus Affair in France. Alfred Dreyfus, a French army officer, was falsely convicted of treason and imprisoned but was later exonerated when it was proved he was a victim of an anti-Semitic conspiracy. American Jewry provided relief for many of the east European Jews who suffered as a result of World War I."

*Trivia: "Two hundred delegates attended the first Zionist Congress in Basel Switzerland, some even from the United States." [Based on: Asimov's Chronology Of The World, p. 445]

1898

1898 - Curtis Act - "Curtis Act dissolves tribal governments, requires Indians of abolished Indian nations to submit to allotment, and institutes civil government for Indian Country, with the purpose of extending the effects of allotment policy to the Five Civilized Tribes."

20th Century

1900 - AACP - "The American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy was founded in 1900 as the Conference of Pharmaceutical Faculties, while the National Association of Boards of Pharmacy was established 4 years later."

1902

1902 - Reclamation Act - "Reclamation Act encourages settlement of the American West by whites through subsidies for water development."

1904

1904 - Beginning / Russo-Japanese War - February 8th, 1904: Japanese sneak attack on Port Author begins the Russo-Japanese War."

*Trivia: "American Jacob Schiff was the wealthiest Jewish banker in the world as head of the international bank of 'Kuhn, Loeb & Co.' Note here that Schiff 'floated the large Japanese War Loans of 1904-1905 which made their victory over Russia possible.' At the end of the article we read that Schiff 'used his financial influence to keep Russia from the money markets of the U.S.' Also note that Schiff controlled all of the railroads in the U.S. and 'suppressed ruinous competition.' [Note: This would be like allowing one person to own all of the Air Lines today and 'suppressing all competition.' He also controlled the Central Trust Bank and Western Union.]. Thus, with all this money power, Schiff was able to prevent the Czar from obtaining loans to raise armies for a defense against the Japanese. Schiff formed called 'The Friends of Russian Freedom.' Its purpose was to agitate for the overthrow of the Christian Czar. This group, with the help of the Japanese, ran an anti-Czar indoctrination campaign among the 50,000 Russian soldiers taken as POWs during the war. They returned home ready to support the Jewish revolution." [Link: 1]

1905

1905 - Bloody Sunday / Russia - January 22nd, 1905: "In 1905, the first in a series of Russian revolutions was to happen. Nicholas II ordered the protesters shot. This massacre became known as 'Bloody Sunday.' Protests and riots continued to spread until Nicholas was forced to allow the people some form of constitutional government. A Duma, or Congress was elected in that year and began to provide representation for the people. Officials were elected, but the Czar always had the overriding power of veto. Three Dumas were elected, right until 1914, the beginning of World War I."

1906

1906 - Burke Act - "Burke Act amends the General Allotment Act, giving the Secretary of the Interior authority to remove restrictions on allotted Indian lands."

1906 - U.S. Food & Drug Act - "Congress laid the foundation for modern food and drug law when it passed the Food and Drugs Act of 1906. The original Food and Drug Act was signed by President Theodore Roosevelt. The act prohibited interstate commerce in misbranded and adulterated foods, drinks, and drugs."

1906 - Land Seizure / Pueblo Indians - "U.S. Federal government seizes fifty thousand acres of wilderness land, the Blue Lake region in the mountains of New Mexico, sacred to Taos Pueblo Indians, and makes it part of a national park."

1906 - Constitutional Revolution / Iran - "On September of 1906, Mozzafar-ed-Din Shah Qajar (Kadjar) signed the Electoral Law of Persia. Then, on December 30, 1906, a few days before his death, he signed the Fundamental Law of Persia, providing the country with a constitution modeled on the Belgian and French examples. The 33 articles of the Electoral Law and the 51 articles of the Fundamental Law gave the country a bicameral legislature, separation of powers, checks and balances, an executive modeled on the French system with a monarch as head of state, and guarantees of fair representation and political rights for the people of Persia. This development brought Edward G. Browne, the famous chronicler of the Persian Constitutional Revolution, to proclaim jubilantly:

   Does history afford many instances of a nation making such conspicuous advances in public spirit and morality in so short a period as were made by the Persians during the period under discussion? I venture to think that parallels will not easily be found.

   "And though this early victory for constitutionalism would have its setback in 1908-09, constitutionalism would ultimately remain in Persia until its demise through a British engineered coup in 1925 against the legitimate government of Persia under Soltan Ahmad Shah." [Links: 1]

1907

1907 - Joseph Stalin / Russia - "Joseph Stalin robs the State Bank transport to finance the Bolshevik party in Russia."

1907 - Crash / U.S. Stock Market - March 13th, 1907: "Financial panic plunges U.S. stock market. Economic depression begins."

1907 - Zionist Congress / The Hague - "In 1907, during the Zionist congress at The Hague, delegates of the Poale-Zion parties of various countries assembled at a conference and organized the Poale-Zion Weltverband ('World Organization') which watches over the international interests of the Poale-Zion in the Zionist and the Socialist worlds Fund, which is collected from Jews all over the world, is administered by the 'World Organization.'
   "Through its propaganda in the Socialist International and the English Labor Party the 'organization' has succeeded in securing a favorable attitude towards Zionist alma on the part of Socialists and labor leaders. As a result, a Jewish home in Palestine is one of the points in the peace program of the 'International' and of the English Labor Party." [Link: 1]

1909

1909 - 1st American Credit Union - "First American Credit Union organized in New Hampshire."

1909 - Passed / 16th U.S. Amendment - July 12th, 1909: "16th U.S. Constitutional amendment ['Income Tax authorized'] passed." [Link: 1]

1910

1910 - Prohibition / Native American Sun Dance - "The United States government forbade the Sun Dance among the plains Indians, giving the use of self-torture as the reason."

1911

1911 - Trivia / U.S. Food & Drug Act - "In US vs. Johnson, the Supreme Court ruled that the 1906 act did not prohibit false therapeutic claims but prohibited only false and misleading claims as to the identity of the drug. The Sherley Amendment, enacted to overcome the ruling in US vs. Johnson, prohibited labeling medicines with false therapeutic claims intended to defraud the purchaser. Inadequacies in the Food and Drug Act of 1906 had shown up almost from the time of its passage. The Bureau of Chemistry in the Department of Agriculture, charged with administering the law, had sought several revisions [the Sherley Amendment and the Net Weight Act of 1913], which required a declaration of the quantity on packaged food products."

1911 - Dissolution / U.S. Standard Oil Co. - May 15th, 1911: "Supreme Court dissolves the Standard Oil Company, the largest corporation in America, for violating anti-trust rules." [Link: 1]

1912

1912 - Jewish Socialist Federation - "The birth of the Jewish Socialist Federation in 1912 must be recognized as the most important landmark in the history of the Jewish Socialist movement in this country [U.S.A.]. The Federation was the outgrowth of a previous organization, the Jewish Socialist Agitation Bureau which for a period of seven years led a precarious and inconsequential existence. The Agitation Bureau was organized at a time when the idea of Jewish nationalism began to spread its roots in the minds of the Jewish workmen. It is to the glory of the Jewish Socialist Bund in Russia that the question of nationalism, which in the minds of the Socialists of the older generation was synonymous with oppression and subjection, was forced into the foreground. The idea became ever more popular that nationalism and internationalism are by no means mutually exclusive terms, and that genuine internationalism is possible only when all nations are guaranteed full and equal rights.
   "The heroic fight of the Bund against the old Russian autocracy caused thousands of its members and followers many of them exiles to Siberia or under rigid surveillance by the gendarmes, to flee to this country [U.S.A.]! But they would not resign themselves to inactivity, and as a result a net of Bund branches was spread throughout the United States and Canada. For a number of years these branches, whose primary object was to collect funds for the Bund in Russia, were the most active and influential bodies in the Jewish radical world. Their members formed the vanguard of the Workmen's Circle (Arbeiter Ring).
   "This anomaly became particularly striking after the great influx of political refugees which the abortive Russian revolution of 1905 had swept to these shores.
   "Zionist-Socialism however, was enriched by an extraordinary new force: B. Boruchev, he introduced a theory which was necessarily very popular among the Jewish masses, who were at that time Socialistic through and through. He contended that only through a land of their own in Zion could the Jewish people have a proletariat, and that Zionism ought therefore to join forces with Socialism. Zionism thus received a Marxist basis, and appealed strongly to the masses.
   "Boruchov, with the assistance of other intellectual comrades - a number of them students - took charge of a number of periodicals in Russian and Yiddish, which the Russian Government suppressed one after the other. (In Russian: 'The Jewish Workmen's Chronicle' and 'The Hammer'; In Yiddish: 'The Proletarian Idea,' the 'Forward,' and an edition of books called the 'Hammer.')" [Link: 1]

1913

1913 - U.S. Income Tax Authorized - February 3rd, 1913: "The 16th U.S. Constitutional amendment ['Income Tax authorized'] was ratified just one year before WWI. The first U.S. federal income tax [of 3 per cent] was introduced January 1st, 1862 to finance the Civil War." [Link: 1]

1913 - "Federal Reserve" / U.S.A. - "In American schoolbooks it is claimed that it was all for the good that the Democratic candidate for president in 1896, William Jennings Bryan, was not elected, since he was against the gold footing and the 'sound money' of the banks (that is money that creates debt). Bryan explained in his 'Cross of Gold' speech at the Democratic National Convention, in Chicago on July 9, 1896: 'When we have restored the money of the Constitution, all other necessary reforms will be possible, and that until that is done there is no reform that can be accomplished.'
   "Bryan was not elected, and 17 years later, in 1913, Congress passed a bill (introduced by the Masonic President Woodrow Wilson), that purported to repeal the right of the Congress to issue currency and transferred this right to a 'federal reserve' funding system.
   "Congressman Charles A. Lindbergh, father of the famous aviator, had the following to say about this: 'When the president signs it, the invisible government of the money brokers has become legalized. The worst legal crime of the century is a fact. The day of reckoning is only a few years removed.' " [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, September/October 2004, p. 11]

*Trivia: "It was made sure that Morgan's [John Pierpoint Morgan's] candidate, the Freemason Thomas Woodrow Wilson, was elected president. His campaign was financed by Jacob Schiff, Bernard Baruch, Henry Morgenthau, New York Times publisher Adolph Ochs and other powerful Jewish financiers and Freemasons.
   "The high-ranking Freemason Edward Mandel House, by many historians considered the 'actual' president of the United States during Wilson's administration, proposed in his novel Philip Dru: Administrator (1912), which was published anonymously, a transition to a progressive income tax and a central bank. These requirements were known from the Illuminati fivepoint program. House was in favor of forming a world government and adopting the kind of socialism Marx dreamed of. To accomplish this he was willing to use political fraud." [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, September/October 2004, p. 11]

*Trivia: "I [Benjamin H. Freedman] was liaison to Henry Morgenthau, Sr., in the 1912 campaign when President Wilson was elected, and there was talk around the office there. I was 'confidential man' to Henry Morgenthau, Sr., who was chairman of the finance committee, and I was liaison between him and Rollo Wells, the treasurer.
   "So I sat in these meetings with President Wilson at the head of the table, and all the others, and I heard them drum into President Wilson's brain the graduated income tax and what has become the Federal Reserve, and I heard them indoctrinate him with the Zionist movement. Justice Brandeis and President Wilson were just as close as the two fingers on this hand. President Woodrow Wilson was just as incompetent when it came to determining what was going on as a newborn baby." [Based on: article by Benjamin H. Freedman]   

1913 - Established / U.S. Federal Reserve System - December 22nd, 1913: "U.S. Federal Reserve System established. Instead of a single central bank, like the First and Second Bank of the United States, 12 Federal Reserve districts are established each with its own reserve bank. All national banks have to become members of the system and the state banks are given conditional permission to join. Banks are also allowed to establish branches abroad." [Link: 1]

*Trivia: "The Federal Reserve bill was presented the night of December 22, 1913, when most of the members of the congressional committee were asleep. That same day the bill hastily was pushed through the House of Representatives and the Senate, President Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act and control over money supply was transferred from Congress to private Masonic bankers. Four times earlier the American people had managed to get rid of a central bank, but not the fifth time.
   "The Federal Reserve Act was hailed as the victory of democracy over the money trusts, which was hardly the case. Paul Warburg immediately began working at the Federal Reserve for a salary substantially less than that he received as a banker. Neither the president, members of Congress nor the secretary of treasury have any authority over the Federal Reserve.
   "The Federal Reserve System is actually a cartel of 13 large private banks, of which the Bank of New York is the most important.
   "President Woodrow Wilson allowed the national debt to grow from $1 billion to $455 billion. Interest became the third largest post of the federal budget." [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, September/October 2004, p. 11]

1914

1914 - Beginning / War I - "What happened? World War I broke out in the summer of 1914. There are few people here my age who remember that. Now that war was waged on one side by Great Britain, France, and Russia; and on the other side by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey.
   "Within two years Germany had won that war: not only won it nominally, but won it actually. The German submarines, which were a surprise to the world, had swept all the convoys from the Atlantic Ocean. Great Britain stood there without ammunition for her soldiers, with one week's food supply - and after that, starvation. At that time, the French army had mutinied. They had lost 600,000 of the flower of French youth in the defense of Verdun on the Somme. The Russian army was defecting, they were picking up their toys and going home, they didn't want to play war anymore, they didn't like the Czar. And the Italian army had collapsed.
   "Not a shot had been fired on German soil. Not one enemy soldier had crossed the border into Germany. And yet, Germany was offering England peace terms. They offered England a negotiated peace on what the lawyers call a status quo ante basis. That means: 'Let's call the war off, and let everything be as it was before the war started.' England, in the summer of 1916 was considering that - seriously. They had no choice. It was either accepting this negotiated peace that Germany was magnanimously offering them, or going on with the war and being totally defeated.
   "While that was going on, the Zionists in Germany, who represented the Zionists from Eastern Europe, went to the British War Cabinet and - I am going to be brief because it's a long story, but I have all the documents to prove any statement that I make - they said: 'Look here. You can yet win this war. You don't have to give up. You don't have to accept the negotiated peace offered to you now by Germany. You can win this war if the United States will come in as your ally.
   "The United States was not in the war at that time. We were fresh; we were young; we were rich; we were powerful. They told England: 'We will guarantee to bring the United States into the war as your ally, to fight with you on your side, if you will promise us Palestine after you win the war.
   "In other words, they made this deal: 'We will get the United States into this war as your ally. The price you must pay is Palestine after you have won the war and defeated Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey.' " [Benjamin H. Freedman]  

1914 - French National Debt - "The French national debt rises [1914-1918] from 28 billion to 151 billion francs and the note issue increases over 6-fold." [Link: 1]

1914 - British National Debt - "Despite the huge revenues raised from taxation the British national debt rises [1914-1918] tenfold. The government fails to use its bargaining power, as the only really massive borrower in wartime, to get money at low rates of interest." [Link: 1]

1916

1916 - Palestine for Israel? - October, 1916: "Now England had as much right to promise Palestine to anybody, as the United States would have to promise Japan to Ireland for any reason whatsoever. It's absolutely absurd that Great Britain, that never had any connection or any interest or any right in what is known as Palestine should offer it as coin of the realm to pay the Zionists for bringing the United States into the war. However, they did make that promise, in October of 1916. And shortly after that - I don't know how many here remember it - the United States, which was almost totally pro-German, entered the war as Britain's ally.
   "I say that the United States was almost totally pro-German because the newspapers here were controlled by Jews, the bankers were Jews, all the media of mass communications in this country were controlled by Jews; and they, the Jews, were pro-German. They were pro-German because many of them had come from Germany, and also they wanted to see Germany lick the Czar. The Jews didn't like the Czar, and they didn't want Russia to win this war. These German-Jew bankers, like Kuhn Loeb and the other big banking firms in the United States refused to finance France or England to the extent of one dollar. They stood aside and they said: 'As long as France and England are tied up with Russia, not one cent!' But they poured money into Germany, they fought beside Germany against Russia, trying to lick the Czarist regime.
   "Now those same Jews, when they saw the possibility of getting Palestine, went to England and they made this deal. At that time, everything changed, like a traffic light that changes from red to green. Where the newspapers had been all pro-German, where they'd been telling the people of the difficulties that Germany was having fighting Great Britain commercially and in other respects, all of a sudden the Germans were no good. They were villains. They were Huns. They were shooting Red Cross nurses. They were cutting off babies' hands. They were no good. Shortly after that, Mr. Wilson declared war on Germany." [Benjamin H. Freedman]  

1917

1917 - Leon Trotsky / N.Y. City - January 13th, 1917: "Leon Trotsky (real name: Bronstein) was exiled from Russia and came to New York City on January 13, 1917. The Russian Jews who owned Vitagraph Movie Studies in Brooklyn gave Trotsky a job. He appeared in three films including 'My Official Wife' starring Clara Kimball Young. Ironically, Trotsky played the part of a Russian revolutionary. While in New York, Trotsky met with Schiff who saw in him the perfect revolutionary. Schiff had his 'Friends of Russian Freedom' locate 267 other Yiddish speaking Russian Jew exiles. He arranged for President Woodrow Wilson to give them U.S. passports so they could not be refused entry into Russia. Also, Schiff gave Trotsky $10 million (that is in 1917 dollars, which today would be worth hundreds of millions). Later Schiff would transfer another $15 million to Lenin." [Link: 1]

1917 - Soviet St. Petersburg - March 14th, 1917: "The first 'Soviet' seized control of the city of St. Petersburg on March 14, 1917, while the nation was in turmoil over their defeats by the Germans during World War One. 'The New York Times' of March 24, 1917, reports that Jacob Schiff sent the following telegram to members of his 'Friends of Russian Freedom': 'Will you say for me to those present at tonight's meeting how deeply I regret my inability to celebrate with the Friends of Russian Freedom the actual reward of what we had hoped and striven for these long years.' (Schiff was obviously referring to the spreading Communist revolution in Russia.)" [Link: 1]

1917 - Abdication / Russian Czar - March 15th, 1917: "The Russian Tsar [Czar] abdicated."

1917 - Russian Revolution - April, 1917: "The Bolsheviks were a group of Marxists led by Vladimir Ilich Lenin. Lenin was a great writer and philosopher that eventually would rule all of Russia. The Bolsheviks were able to overthrow the Provisional Government of Russia in April, 1917 and began to win the support of the military. Lenin advocated a country that was run by the people. He believed that the workers were oppressed by the Czar and that it was important to the future of the people that all monarchical power be returned to the people. This type of democracy advocated by Lenin quickly began to disappear. Lenin simply could not win the revolution without absolute control of the Bolsheviks. He took power for himself and eventually became the first President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The Romanov family, which had ruled the country for 300 years from the seventeenth century, were deposed." [Link: 1]

1917 - U.S. Enters WWI - April, 1917: "The United States formally declared war against Germany and entered the conflict in Europe. Fighting since the summer of 1914, Britain, France, and Russia welcomed news that American troops and supplies would be directed toward the Allied war effort. Under the command of Major General John J. Pershing, over two million U.S. troops fought on battlefields in France." [Link: 1] 

*Trivia: "The Zionists in London had sent cables to the United States, to Justice Brandeis, saying 'Go to work on President Wilson. We're getting from England what we want. Now you go to work on President Wilson and get the United States into the war.' That's how the United States got into the war. We had no more interest in it; we had no more right to be in it than we have to be on the moon tonight instead of in this room. There was absolutely no reason for World War I to be our war. We were railroaded into - if I can be vulgar, we were suckered into - that war merely so that the Zionists of the world could obtain Palestine. That is something that the people of the United States have never been told. They never knew why we went into World War I.
   "After we got into the war, the Zionists went to Great Britain and they said: 'Well, we performed our part of the agreement. Let's have something in writing that shows that you are going to keep your bargain and give us Palestine after you win the war.' They didn't know whether the war would last another year or another ten years. So they started to work out a receipt. The receipt took the form of a letter, which was worded in very cryptic language so that the world at large wouldn't know what it was all about. And that was called the Balfour Declaration.
   "The Balfour Declaration was merely Great Britain's promise to pay the Zionists what they had agreed upon as a consideration for getting the United States into the war. So this great Balfour Declaration, that you hear so much about, is just as phony as a three dollar bill. I don't think I could make it more emphatic than that." [Benjamin H. Freedman]  

1917 - U.S. National Debt - "As the result of having entered WWI, the U.S. national debt increased from about $1 billion in 1916 to $25 billion in 1920." [Link: 1]

1917 - Forced Patent Period - "The restrictions on allotments and the 'Forced Patent' period [1917-1920] began. Thousands of patents were issued, discontinuing federal guardianship of Indian lands. As a result, many Indians lost their land to whites."

1917 - Jewish Bund / United States - " 'The Jewish Communal Register' of 1917 - 1918, published by the Kehillah (Jewish communal government) states that Russian immigrant Jews brought 'socialism' (meaning 'Communism') to America. It is important to note that the most violent organization involved in the overthrow of the Czar of Russia was The Jewish Bund, headed by Abramovitch and Lieber. The three other revolutionary parties included the all-Jewish Mensheviks (headed by Martov and Dan), the Social Democrats, a front for Gentiles but headed by the Jew Danishevsky and the Bolsheviks headed by Lenin who has only recently been revealed to be of Jewish descent. Note that the Bund sent money back to their comrades in Russia. More important is the remark that the failed revolution of 1905 in Russia caused 'a great influx' of Jews to immigrate to the U.S. The truth is that over one million Marxist Jews flooded into the U.S." [Link: 1]

1918

1918 - British Invasion / Iran - May? 1918: "Britain Invades Iran." [Links 1]

1918 - Jewish Financing / Communism - "The U.S. Foreign Relations Committee of 1918 released a report on the international Jewish banks which were financing Communism. In each case they were banks owned by Jews. The Jew Olof Aschberg of Sweden's 'Nya Banken' is referred to as 'The Bolshevik Bank'. Note that this bank 'is financed in America by the Guarantee Trust Co.' This bank was controlled by Jacob Schiff." [Link: 1]

1918 - Worldwide Pandemic / Spanish Flu - "The so-called Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918 to 1919, was believed to have been a mutant virus that jumped from animals. It killed 20 million to 100 million people." [Based on: New York Times, 09/30/04]

*Trivia: "500,000 Americans and an estimated 20 million people worldwide died from the Spanish flu." [News Services, 11/17/04]

1919

1919 - U.S. Edge Act - "U.S. Edge Act to promote foreign banking indirectly permits bank branches. This amendment to the Federal Reserve Act allows the chartering of corporations for the purpose of engaging in international or foreign banking. Despite the legal prohibition of branch banking these corporations can be set up anywhere, including other states in the US."

1919 - Treaty of Versailles - April 2nd, 1919: WWI officially ends [Treaty of Versailles]."

*Trivia: "When the war ended, and the Germans went to Paris for the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 there were 117 Jews there, as a delegation representing the Jews, headed by Bernard Baruch. I was there: I ought to know.
   "Now what happened? The Jews at that peace conference, when they were cutting up Germany and parceling out Europe to all these nations who claimed a right to a certain part of European territory, said, 'How about Palestine for us?' And they produced, for the first time to the knowledge of the Germans, this Balfour Declaration. So the Germans, for the first time realized, 'Oh, so that was the game! That's why the United States came into the war.' The Germans for the first time realized that they were defeated, they suffered the terrific reparations that were slapped onto them, because the Zionists wanted Palestine and were determined to get it at any cost." [Benjamin H. Freedman] 

1919 - Forced Labor / Soviet Union - "The Soviet system of forced labor camps was first established in 1919 under the Cheka, but it was not until the early 1930s that the camp population reached significant numbers." [Link: 1]

1919 - Communist-Sponsored Christian Deaths - "In the Soviet Union, the communist party, run mostly for the benefit of its Jewish founders who made up approximately 90% of the founding fathers and administrators of the Soviet Union, hid behind their leftist doctrine which had been designed to undermine Christianity in the name of materialism and social science. These administrators of the Soviet Union who were detailed in reports to the U.S. State Department from Russia in 1919 were instrumental in instructing their cohorts to send out Jewish commissars like Kaganovitch and Beria to kill approximately 100 million White European Christians whom they called 'reactionary bourgeoisie' for correctness in 1920-1940. What they meant by 'bourgeoisie' were Russia's Christians. In addition to killing the Christian peasants under the materialist aegis of communism, the churches and parochial schools were confiscated or burned as were their Christian towns; the priests were either murdered or sent to prisons, and all vestiges of Christianity were as nearly as possible expunged. Once the Christians in an entire area were killed, the Jews brought in new non-Christians, atheists, who were relocated there to re-establish the economic exploitation of the emptied lands in agricultural communes similar to the kibbutzim programs in Israel which were begun at the same time. At this point in history, the Jews and Zionists in power declared anti-Semitism to be a capital crime, because the Christians who were being killed by these communist Jews in Russia had developed groups to protect themselves and were critical of the Jewish excesses in the matter of their own genocide with whom they naturally refused to cooperate without fighting for their very lives. The accusation of anti-Semitism in Russia became a mandatory death sentence to any Christian fighting against the Jewish oppression of Christianity in the Soviet Union, especially if these Christians even identified the names of the many thousands of Jews in control of their anti-Christian extermination policy. The Jewish-led anti-Christian genocide in Russia was basically a totally Jewish-run and definitely anti-Christian Affair using communism and anti-reactionary programs as the ideological communist 'cover' for wiping out Christianity. The Jews basically ran the Russian government and hid behind its skirts as they carried out their murders across the Russian Continent. It was never reported in the United States, because the media was controlled mostly by Jewish owners who were uninterested in exposing Americans to an atrocity by Jews. Only Henry Ford, who owned his own newspaper, got the word out, and he was severely criticized as being anti-Semitic for his honesty in exposing this matter of Christian genocide by the Jews. In China, more than 80 million oriental peasants were killed by the Chinese Communist Party which learned from the Russians how to run a revolution. Especially sought out for instant extermination during The Big March and beyond were those peasants who were Christians, Buddhists, or Islamics and anyone else associated with a religion or philosophy or God concept who were non-materialistic in thought. Like Russian Liberals, the Chinese communists did not want 'other leaders' and 'other systems' teaching their people. Religion in China, as in Russia, was called the 'opiate of the people' and, as in Russia, this was used to justify the mass murder of priests, devotees, and other adherents of non-communist religions. Today in China, Christians are still being mistreated, and many churches are inundating the west coast of the United States with Chinese Christian refugees desperate to escape the on-going anti-Christian purges. The great international conspiracies of communism, socialism, liberalism, Masonry, and Zionism were always interconnected and have created all of our world wars, cold wars, economic depressions, and divisive genocidal conduct throughout the world, mainly because their conspirators who have created these agencies of death carried an anti-Christian agenda which was hidden behind the false curtain of secular materialist intellectuality. Those believing there is no international conspiracy going back more than one hundred years cannot explain the existence of the State of Israel without studying the conspiracies stemming from the Zionist World Congress in the 1800's whose final fruit is Israel itself as well as the two world wars, communism, the secret Balfour Declaration under which Zionists promised Britain they would bring the United States into the First World War using their blackmail of President Wilson over his sexual liaisons at Princeton (a la Benjamin Freedman's books), the 3-day communist takeover in Germany in 1919 under Rosa Luxembourg whose Jewish-Communist Conspiracy resulted in the abdication of the Kaiser who crossed into Denmark for safety, the collapse of the German front due to Jewish-inspired leftist armaments production strikes in Germany in the middle of the war, the later Christian genocide of 1920-1940 by the Zionists in Russia, the Jewish-inspired world blockade of Germany in 1933 (see Freedman), and the Jewish-Zionist German diplomatic assassination in Poland in 1937 which triggered Krystal Nacht and the persecution of Jews by the nearly starved Germans. Most of the adherents had little idea they were being manipulated by persons who, in the background, were orchestrating genocide against members of their own societies, and that type of hidden agenda and hidden genocide is a major point in the correct administration of worldwide conspiracies. These conspiracies are also being carried out in America and Europe today where immigration is supported in order to eliminate as many Christian Europeans as possible from the world stage. In reality, these outcomes were planned more than one hundred years ago and outlined in little read but always available Jewish, Masonic, and communist publications composed mostly by Zionist anti-Christian conspirators bent on genocidal acts and world domination by moneyed interests." [Link: 1] [Paragraph indents removed to save space - E.M.]

1920

1920 - Japanese Depression - "Japanese economy enters a chronic depression. By 1920 the boom generated by the First World War has petered out and a depression starts." [Link: 1]

1920s - Bolshevism / Europe - "[....] Once the Church discovered the Talmud and understood the threat which the Jews posed to the social order, she had to do something, if for no other reason than to head off the mob violence that knowledge of the subversive nature of the Talmud was sure to generate among Christians. The natural reaction to the threat of Jewish subversion is violence, a reaction that can be seen at the time of the first crusade, at the time of the Chmielnicki pogroms in 1648, and at the time when Bolshevism threatened the social order of Europe during the 1920s and 30s. [....]" [Based on: E. Michael Jones, editor of Culture Wars]

1920 - Conflicting Promises / Palestine - "After World War I, British agents made conflicting promises concerning Palestine to Arabs and Jews, which led to anti-Jewish riots in Palestine in 1920 and 1929. Also After World War I, anti-Semitism grew in Europe, especially in Russia and Germany, leading to eventual official government policies of anti-Semitism in those countries."

1920 - Failed Revolt / Iraq - June, 1920: "The 1920 revolt by tribes against British forces occupying Iraq failed. It began in June 1920, and order was not fully restored until February 1921, according to historian David Fromkin in his 1989 book 'A Peace To  End All Peace.' Fromkin, who says the uprising apparently  was triggered by the government's effort to levy taxes, put British casualties in the fighting at nearly 2,000, including 450 dead." [Knight Ridder Newspapers, 01/29/04]

*Trivia: "In 1920 Iraq became a British League of Nations protectorate and a year later, London installed Faisal I of the Hashemite dynasty as king of Iraq. Earlier, Faisal I was king of Greater Syria [today’s Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, and Palestine] until he became the victim of a French-led 'regime change'. " [Links 1]

1921

1921 - Snyder Act - "The Snyder Act made the Department of the Interior responsible for Indian education, medical, and social services."

1921 - Increase / U.S. Banks - "Number of banks in the US increases [1860-1921] by over 19 times. During the same period bank numbers fall in other advanced countries but in the US a peak of nearly 30,000 is reached in 1921." [Link: 1]

1921 - Socialist Party Convention - September 1921: "The power of the Communist Party was demonstrated at the September 1921 convention of the Socialist Party. Draper writes: 'The final blow to the Socialist Party was the defection of the Jewish federation at a convention in September 1921. The entire group defected to the Communist Party. The Socialist Party membership fell to its lowest point 11,019." [Link: 1]

1922

1922 - USSR Begins - "By late 1922, the Bolsheviks had organized the Marxists of Ukraine, Beloruss, and Transcaucasia to form a 'socialist republic' with Russia. The Soviet Union had arrived."

1922 - Status / British Palestine - "As part of the settlement ending World War I, the Ottoman Empire was dismantled, and Britain governed Palestine with a League of Nations mandate. Under the British [who endorsed the Zionist vision of a national homeland in Palestine], Jewish immigration steadily increased, alarming local Arabs. Riots and terrorism erupted as both sides lashed out at each other - and the British. As pressure mounted after World War II, Britain turned to the UN for a solution." [N.G.M./October/2002]

1922 - Hyperinflation  / Germany - "Germany suffers from hyperinflation [1922-1933]. The situation gets so bad that wages are paid as frequently as twice a day to give people a chance to spend them before the notes lose their value. Other countries agree to ease the burden of war reparations. A new, interim currency, the Rentenmark, secured on mortgages on land and industrial property, restores stability." [Link: 1]

1923

1923 - Economic Decline / USSR - "In 1923, Lenin began to travel all over the former Russian Empire trying to seek support from the old guards of the Czar. He was unsuccessful. These old leaders were much more willing to keep control for themselves than allow Lenin to command. Lenin ordered Trotsky, who had become the leader of the military, now called the Red Army, to send in troops to these areas as a show of strength. Eventually, all former empire lands were returned to Lenin, with the notable exception of the Baltic States. From 1921 to 1924, the economy of the Soviet Union was in shambles. The mismanagement of the Czars and the civil war left the ruble, the USSR's main currency, practically valueless. Lenin was unable really to do anything about this and most of the country headed for famine. When Lenin died in 1924, many believed that the USSR was doomed to die with him."

1924

1924 - Stalin / Soviet Union - "From 1924-1928, a vast power struggle between Stalin, Trotsky, and Kerensky took place. Stalin, being the more vicious of the three immediately began to form alliances with people throughout the new Cominterm, a new Congress to replace the Duma [eventually it would be called the Politburo]. Kerensky was taken care of because of his own erratic behavior in the military. Trotsky however, had his own political aspirations and had followers of his own. Trotsky began to organize the people to his cause to keep the USSR from Stalin. Stalin was able to have him exiled from the country. Trotsky moved to Mexico where Stalin had him killed in 1940. Stalin became the outright dictator of the Soviet Union. He moved away from Lenin's policies and began to institute his own. Lenin believed in more democracy and less government. Stalin believed in death for all who opposed him."

1924 - Indian Citizenship Act - "The Indian Citizenship Act This act confers U.S. Citizenship on all Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the United States. The act’s purpose was to curtail the demand for indigenous identity among Native Americans. For example, the Hopi and Onondaga refused to acknowledge the act by issuing their own tribal passports."

1925

1925 - "Regime Change" / Iran - " 'Regime change', the Bush administration's stated goal for Iraq, is a ritual that both Washington and London practiced vigorously in the Middle East over the last century. Regime change usually meant the insertion of a proxy or a puppet regime in order to maintain influence over a state and its resources. It was about security, too. The United States and Great Britain shared a common desire to control Soviet expansion in the Middle East by removing leaders that were suspected of being friendly with Moscow. As theaters for the power struggle between the Soviets and the Anglo-Americans, both Iran and Iraq produced a string of notorious regime changes. A British-led 'regime change' - a coup- in 1925 Iran replaced the Qajar dynasty with Reza Khan, a nationalist Iranian Cossack military officer, who was crowned 'Shah' [king of kings], with the title Reza Shah Pahlavi. The British occupied Iran after WW II to prevent Iran, more specifically Iranian oil, from falling into the hands of Nazi Germany and to protect an oil supply route to the Soviet Union, a British ally during the war." [Links 1]

1927

1927 - FDIA - "A separate law enforcement agency was formed, known as the Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration."

1927 - Decline / Bank of Taiwan - "Japanese financial crisis started by a run on the Bank of Taiwan. Taiwan became a Japanese colony in 1895 and therefore the crisis spreads to Japan. As many as 37 Japanese banks are closed, at least temporarily." [Link: 1]

1928

1928 - Russian Industrialization - "In 1928, Stalin completely changed the course of the Soviet Union that Lenin had set. He forced 'collectivation' on the farmers and peasants. A collective farm is an incredibly large farm owned by the government that the peasants were 'allowed' to live on and work. Those who refused were killed. The farmers very quickly realized that to oppose Stalin in any way meant exile or death. Stalin also began a massive industrialization campaign. Industry was given a quota system. They were required to reach production targets of military and popular good regardless of the cost. Many people worked 12-15 hour days to keep up with these quotas. Finally, convinced that the factory owners were too concerned about themselves to manage effectively; he ordered his own people to take over. By 1933, all industry was being run by the state. The people were mistreated and overworked for little reward. Of course, they could have stopped working and be murdered by the officials of a newly formed organization, the KGB. The KGB became the eyes, ears, and enforcer of all of Stalin's policies."

1928 - Boom / U.S. Stock Market - "Stock Market boom [1928-1929] in U.S. The Fed takes no effective action to stop the boom getting out of control." [Link: 1]

1929

1929 - Zionism / Palestine - "In 1929, leading non-Zionists joined with Zionists to found the Jewish Agency to help Jews settle in Palestine, since the western nations [including the United States] had imposed rigid immigration quotas."

1929 -   Crash / U.S. Stock Market - October 24th, 1929: "The economic Boom, which had followed the period of reconstruction after the First World War, and the defeats inflicted on the workers movement across the world in the mid-1920s, came to an abrupt end with the Wall Street Crash of 24 October 1929, which triggered off the Great Depression. Bankruptcies and skyrocketing unemployment spread from the US to every country in the world, except the USSR, where production continued to expand after the devastation of the Wars of Intervention [1918-1922]. The Depression lasted into the late 1930s with 14 million unemployed in the US alone, most with little means of support. The suffering and senseless wastage of human life - dumping of food in the sea, closure of factories as well as millions left to rot in idleness - had turned large numbers of workers to communism; in Europe huge street battles were being fought between million-strong fascist and communist parties. In vain efforts to insulate their own economies from the worldwide economic drought, almost all countries in the world erected trade barriers making export goods to other countries just as impossible as producing for non-existent domestic markets. Even in the U.S., Roosevelt had been elected with widespread popular support for the New Deal — to introduce universal welfare, protect workers' right, the government to take a leading role in the economy and clamp down on business.
   "To millions of workers queuing at soup kitchens in the West and of labouring for near-starvation wages, the USSR was looking very much like a workers' paradise. As the job market began to pick up with the beginning of recovery in the U.S. and escalating war-spending in Europe, the organised workers' movement began to show real signs of readiness to challenge the institutions which had overseen all this misery. Only the beginning of World War Two and the urgent need to crush Fascism in Germany and Japan postponed a worldwide revolutionary upsurge." [Links: 1, 2]

1929 - The Great Depression - "Widespread bank failures and the surviving banks' curbs on lending cause businesses of all kinds to go bankrupt [1929-1930]. The U.S. net national product falls by over half." [Link: 1]

1929 - Status / English National Debt - "In 1815 it [English National Debt] was 885 million pounds and in 1945 it had grown to 22.5 billion pounds. By 1995 the national debt had risen to more than 300 billion pounds, equal to 45 percent of GNP."
  "Not even the Macmillan Committee, which was appointed in 1929, managed to find out who governed the Bank of England. Only one name has leaked out—that of Rothschild. All great wars have been started and financed by the economic conglomerate emanating from one single banking family—the Rothschilds.
   "In the Netherlands, secret societies had been able to found a central bank as early as 1609. About 40 of the world's most important central banks were established in a similar way as that of the Bank of England. In that way the Masonic bankers ruled the long-term development in the world with loan interest as a method, the central banks as middlemen, the politicians as dummies and the people as ignorant wage slaves. The Freemason-controlled banks thus can govern political life by acting without being seen. The English people strengthened the power of these invisible Freemasons through paying taxes during three centuries. Central banks were supposed to keep the economy stable." [Based on: article by Juri Lina, The Barnes Review, September/October 2004, p. 9]

1929 - Decline / U.S. Industrial Production - "Between 1929 and 1933 American industrial production dropped 48.7 per cent."

1930

1930 - Trivia / Navajo Education? - "The Senate investigating Committee on Indian Affairs disclosed the use of kidnapping techniques by BIA school officials trying to educate Navajo children."

1930 - Kummersdorf Proving Grounds - December, 1930: "December 17th marked the establishment of a rocket program Kummersdorf.  It was also decided that the Kummersdorf proving grounds would be equipped to develop military missiles. On December 30th, Robert Goddard fired an 11 foot liquid fueled rocket to a height of 2000 feet at a speed of 500 miles per hour.  The launch took place near Roswell New Mexico." [Link: 1]  

1930 - Minamata Poisoning Case / Japan - "Japan's top court ordered the government Friday [10/15/04] to pay $703,000 in damages to victims of the Minamata Bay mercury poisining. The ruling came 22 years after the case was filed over an industrial pollution disaster that killed more than 1,700 people and caused mothers to give birth to deformed babies.
   "The Minamata poisoning incident was Japan's worst case of industrial pollution. Since the 1950's, hundreds of people have contracted Minamata disease - a neurological disorder caused by mercury poisoning - from eating tainted fish. The disease was first discovered in the 1950s and named for Minamata Bay in southern Japan, where a company dumped tons of mercury compounds.
   "The court said the government and Kumamoto prefecture (state) failed to stop chemical manufacturer Chisso Corp. from dumping tons of mercury compounds into Minamata Bay beginning in the 1930s." [News Services, 10/16/04]

1931

1931 - FDA / U.S.A. - "In 1931, the FDIA became known as the Food and Drug Administration [FDA]. The Caustic Poison Act provided warning labels and antidotes on 10 dangerous or corrosive substances packed in containers for household use."

1931 - Status / World Gold Stock - "U.S. and France hold 75% of world's gold stock. This figure is reached by September. During the previous 6 weeks over £200 million worth of gold was withdrawn from London." [Link: 1]

1932

1932 - Examples of Genocide / Soviet Union - 1932-1933: "Soviet Union: About 7 million Ukranians killed." [Based on: Reuters, World Almanac and KRT - St. Louis Post-Dispatch, p. A12, 06/26/05]

1933

1933 - The "Great Purge" / Russia - "After forming the KGB, Stalin began to realize that many of his own generals and officials believed that he had betrayed Lenin, and were conspiring to have him removed from power. Stalin immediately ordered the KGB to begin mass executions of certain high ranking officials and the exile of others. The period from 1933-1937 became known as the 'Great Purge.' "

1933 - U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt - March 4th, 1933: "The 32nd American President, Franklin D. Roosevelt [Democrat], begins his term."

*Trivia: "In 1933, the U.S. government did what no one would tolerate today. By executive order, it confiscated private property. Specifically, under Franklin D. Roosevelt's Presidential Order No. 6102, Americans were required to turn in all the gold they owned. The purpose of the order was 'to provide relief in the existing national emergency in banking, and for other purposes.' [....] That year, 1933, marked the last time gold coins were minted for general circulation. [....]" [Based on: Article by Peter Rexford, p. C3, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, 09/05/05]

*Trivia: "Roosevelt launches his New Deal. Roosevelt's first action is to declare a national bank holiday closing every bank in the U.S. After a week the Federal Reserve Banks reopen and later other banks are allowed to reopen if investigators declare them solvent. This restoration of confidence in the financial system is a necessary preliminary to the New Deal involving aid to industry and agriculture." [Link: 1]

1933 - Status / Unemployment, U.S.A. - March 1933: "Between 1929 and 1933 American industrial production dropped 48.7 per cent. The American National Research League estimated the number of jobless in March 1933 was 17,920,000. In Germany there were more than six million unemployed."

1933 - Nazi Party / Germany - "The Nazi party takes power in Germany."

1933 - Status / German Camps - "Professor Tansill, of Georgetown University, who had access to all the secret papers of the State Department, wrote in his book, and quoted from a State Department document written by Hugo Schoenfelt, a Jew whom Cordell Hull sent to Europe in 1933 to investigate the so-called camps of political prisoners, who wrote back that he found them in very fine condition. They were in excellent shape, with everybody treated well. And they were filled with Communists. Well, a lot of them were Jews, because the Jews happened to comprise about 98 per cent of the Communists in Europe at that time. And there were some priests there, and ministers, and labor leaders, and Masons, and others who had international affiliations." [Benjamin H. Freedman]